农田生态系统中硫平衡的研究——地下水中硫的作用

论述考虑地下水中硫投入的农田生态系统中硫的平衡。农田生态系统中硫的循环包括作物生长期降雨中硫输入、大气硫干沉降、地表径流、地下水的硫投入和肥料中硫的输入、土壤渗漏水的硫输出、土壤有机硫的矿化与固定和作物吸收利用硫等环节。在一定的水文条件和气候条件下,地下水中的硫对农田生态系统中硫平衡起重要作用。     

SO2对贮藏龙眼果皮酶促褐变的影响

以‘石硖’龙眼为材料,研究了ＳＯ２抑制贮藏期间龙眼果皮酶促褐变的机理。结果表明：ＳＯ２通过降低果皮细胞质的ｐＨ值,抑制多酚氧化酶酶活性,保存游离酚和总酚含量,保护还原型抗坏血酸等作用抑制了龙眼果实贮藏期间的褐变。     

紫色土增施单质硫对大蒜生长发育和硫素营养的影响

对紫色土施用单质硫条件下大蒜生长发育及硫素营养吸收和代谢进行了研究。结果表明,大蒜株高、叶面积、经济产量(蒜头)和经济系数以中等供硫水平最高,而茎粗和生物产量则以高硫水平最大。大蒜能耐高浓度的硫素供应,在0～120kghm-2供硫情况下,其全硫(TS)、水溶性硫(SS)和无机硫(Io-S)含量均随供硫量的增加而上升,小分子水溶性含硫氨基酸含量(Ws-S)以低硫水平最高,而大分子蛋白质硫含量(Wis-S)以中等供硫水平时最高,与大蒜素含量的变化一致。大蒜素含量与不同硫组分比率的关系分析发现,大蒜素含量与Ws-S/TS呈极显著的正相关(r=0.752 ),与Io-S/SS呈显著的正相关(r=0.702 )。全氮含量与全硫含量变化趋势一致,全磷含量以低硫水平时最高,全钾含量以中等供硫水平时最高。     

湖北四种典型土壤硫肥效应

选择黄棕壤、红壤、灰潮土和水稻土等湖北省四种主要土壤类型,对油菜和水稻分别进行盆栽和田间硫肥试验。试验结果表明:黄棕壤、红壤和灰潮土三种土壤盆栽油菜施用硫肥后,均能促进油菜的生长发育并增加油菜的干物重,但总体上施石膏的效应比施硫磺要好。水稻土田间水稻硫肥试验后,明显提高了水稻产量,但施硫磺粉的效果要比施石膏好,前者的增产率达到27.44%,后者是14.88%。试验前后土壤有效硫的变化进一步说明施用硫肥可以维持土壤硫素平衡,满足作物营养需求。使用澳大利亚KC l—40方法测定土壤有效硫含量,能反映土壤供硫水平与作物产量的相关性,这对于指导我国农业生产具有重要的意义。     

硫肥对小麦蛋白质组分及产量的影响

试验在高肥力而硫素极缺的土壤上进行了试验,在施用常规氮磷钾肥料的基础上,比较不同小麦品种施硫肥与不施硫肥对小麦蛋白质组分及产量的影响。结果表明:在常规肥料措施下增施硫肥,提高了小麦营养体及籽粒中的含氮量,显著提高了籽粒中醇溶蛋白及总蛋白含量,而且不同蛋白质含量的小麦对硫肥的反应存在差异.施用硫肥极显著降低了千粒重和容重,产量也有所下降,但未达显著水平。     

白菜苗期对不同硫处理的光谱反应

本文以盆栽试验的方法,通过对不同土壤硫处理情况下的白菜苗期光谱曲线及其生长状况、叶绿素含量和体内营养元素含量的对应分析,结果表明:不同硫处理情况下,白菜苗期的反射光谱曲线在形状上基本相同,绿峰出现在560nm处、红端位于720nm处、近红外平台出现在780~924nm。不同土壤硫处理情况下没有“红移”和“蓝移”现象;反射光谱曲线对白菜苗期的植株生长状况的敏感有四处,可见光区为500nm和690nm,近红处区在1900nm处,2400nm波长以后,对植株含水量的敏感性增强;不同的叶绿素含量表示方法在光谱相关曲线上的反映完全不同,其中光波反射值对单位叶面积上的总叶绿素含量、叶绿素A含量和叶绿素B含量敏感点在“绿峰”和“红端”两处,而光波反射值对干基表示的总叶绿素含量、叶绿素A含量和叶绿素B含量敏感区域地2400nm以后;植株反射光谱对白菜苗期植株体内不同营养元素种类和含量均有不同的反映,根据不同营养元素的光谱相关曲线,可将白菜苗期植株体内营养元素分为三类,一类是Ca、K、Cu、Fe和N,另一类是P、Mg和Mn,Zn元素的光谱相关曲线最为特别;白菜苗期植株性状值相关性高的性状,在光谱相关曲线中最接近。     

多菌灵、硫磺对赤霉病菌和稻瘟病菌杀菌效果最佳配比选定的研究

In this research,the toxicity of several mixtures,which w ere made by mi xing up two original medicines (Baristin,Sulphur) according to different proport ions,has been tested on F.gramineaurm andP.grisea in the laboratory res pec tively.The results show that each mixture of different proportion has inhibition ef fect to the growing hypha and has notab le sy nergistic effect compared to monomer Boristin or Sulphur. Among the three mixtur es with the proportions of Baristin to Sulphur being 12.5∶12.5,15∶10 and 10∶15, the CTC of each mixture to F. graminearum is separately 118.2,106.5 and 98.2, and to P.grisea is 105.6,101.1 and 98.1. Th e EC₅₀ value of each mixture to P.graminearum is 3749μg/L, 3565μg/L and 5389μg/L, while the EC₅₀ of monomer Baristin value is 2415μg/L and of mononer sulphur is 26800μg/L; to P.grisea,the EC₅₀ value of each mixture is 3375μg/L, 3228μg/L and 4007μg/L, while that of mononer Baristin is 2436μg/L and of monon er sulphur is 6640μg/L．Therefore the research suggests that the mixture with the proportion of Baristin to Surphur being 12.5 ∶12.5 has maximum CTC valu e and most notable synergistic effect to F. graminearum and P. grisea.     

ICP-AES法测定煤中硫含量的不确定性评定

[目的]为准确表示煤炭中硫含量奠定基础。[方法]应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES),对煤中的硫含量进行测定,同时对测量结果的不确定度进行评价。[结果]获得各个不同来源的不确定度,并且计算合成标准不确定度,对测定结果给出合理的波动范围。[结论]评价结果对测定方法有效性的判定与优化以及煤燃烧过程中的污染控制具有重要意义。     

Exceedance of critical loads of nitrogen and sulphur and its relation to forest conditions

The calculation of critical loads and their exceedance is one method to describe the vulnerability of forests to environmental stress caused by anthropogenic impact. Exceedance of critical loads for acidifying inputs and nitrogen was compared to different indicators of the soil and forest conditions in the German part of the extensive forest monitoring (ICP Forests/EU Level I), including more than 1,800 plots. In addition, an empirical relationship between the C/N ratio of the forest floor humus layer (C/N _Humus) and the estimated nitrogen output for ten plots of the intensive monitoring (ICP Forests/EU Level II) was established in order to estimate the potential nitrogen output on Level I plots dominated by Norway spruce. Regarding all tree species assessed, the exceedance of critical loads for nitrogen and sulphur is negatively correlated with pH and base saturation up to 30 cm soil depth. The sulphur deposition and the exceedance of critical loads are highly correlated with the sulphur content of leaves and needles, whereas the respective relations for nitrogen were lower. The crown condition was weakly positively related to the sulphur content in tree leaves and needles. For Norway spruce sites, high exceedance of critical loads for nitrogen and nitrogen deposition corresponded well with low C/N _Humus. In regions with high nitrogen load and low C/N ratios in the humus layer, the calculated nitrogen output was high. The results support the concept of critical thresholds in that way that their exceedance can impair forest ecosystem functions like nitrogen retention.     

硫肥对大白菜品质的影响

以大白菜的2个品种‘丰抗78’和‘金秋理想’为试验材料,研究了硫肥不同施用量对大白菜品质的影响,以期找出最适宜的硫肥施用量,为大白菜优质生产提供理论依据.结果表明,在硫肥施用量为25 kg/hm2时,大白菜可溶性固形物含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和维生素C含量最适宜.且硫肥的施用量对大白菜硝酸盐含量和干物质舍量无显著影响.