呼伦贝尔市2013年7月14-16日暴雨天气分析

利用常规气象资料和红外云图资料,对2013年7月14—16日呼伦贝尔市一次暴雨天气过程进行成因分析、,结果表明：此次降水的环流形势为典型的副热带高压与西风槽相互作用的暴雨天气形势．系统垂直发展旺盛且坡度陡直,使得中低层影响系统始终处于上升运动区：地面气旋的辐合作用和辐合线的抬升作用是这次暴雨产生的触发机制;中低空急流的耦合配置为对流发展创造了有利条件,同时低空急流为这次暴雨天气提供了源源不断的水汽输送：南北长达数千公里带状云系上的对流云团强盛发展与暴雨落区时应很好、     

贵州亚热带地区野生果树资源种类,评价及利用

贵州亚热带地区野生果树资源十分丰富，现已收集到１８科３７属９４种，根据植物学特性，有常绿乔木，常绿灌木或水乔木，常绿藤本和常绿草本，落叶乔木，落叶灌木或小乔木和落叶木质量藤本７类，果实为核果，浆果，仁果和瓠果，垂直分布于海拔１５０～１０００ｍ的常绿阔叶林或灌丛中，本文亦对该区野生果树资源蕴藏量，开发利用前景进行了综合评价，并指出引种栽培土壤，水分，光照等因子是成功的关键。     

贵州亚热带地区野生秋海棠种质资源及其生境类型

 贵州亚热带地区有野生秋海棠19 种(含新记录种) , 其中1 种仅分布于黔北, 1种仅分布于黔东北, 4 种仅分布于黔东南, 8 种仅分布于黔南。其生境类型可分为灌丛湿地型、森林湿地型和阴湿岩石型, 以阴湿岩石型的种类较多。其按用途可分为观赏型和兼用型,以观赏型种类占多数。粗喙秋海棠、截裂秋海棠、美丽秋海棠、光叶秋海棠和小秋海棠5种处于濒危状态。     

Spatial and temporal variation of nitrous oxide and methane flux between subtropical mangrove sediments and the atmosphere

We quantified spatial and temporal variations of the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) and associated abiotic sediment parameters across a subtropical river estuary sediment dominated by grey mangrove (Avicennia marina). N₂O and CH₄ fluxes from sediment were measured adjacent to the river (“fringe”) and in the mangrove forest (“forest”) at 3-h intervals throughout the day during autumn, winter and summer. N₂O fluxes from sediment ranged from an average of −4 μg to 65 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ representing N₂O sink and emission. CH₄ emissions varied by several orders of magnitude from 3 μg to 17.4 mg CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹. Fluxes of N₂O and CH₄ differed significantly between sampling seasons, as well as between fringe and forest positions. In addition, N₂O flux differed significantly between time of day of sampling. Higher bulk density and total carbon content in sediment were significant contributors towards decreasing N₂O emission; rates of N₂O emission increased with less negative sediment redox potential (E_h). Porewater profiles of nitrate plus nitrite (NO_x⁻) suggest that denitrification was the major process of nitrogen transformation in the sediment and possible contributor to N₂O production. A significant decrease in CH₄ emission was observed with increasing E_h, but higher sediment temperature was the most significant variable contributing to CH₄ emission. From April 2004 to July 2005, sediment levels of dissolved ammonium, nitrate, and total carbon content declined, most likely from decreased input of diffuse nutrient and carbon sources upstream from the study site; concomitantly average CH₄ emissions decreased significantly. On the basis of their global warming potentials, N₂O and CH₄ fluxes, expressed as CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-e) emissions, showed that CH₄ emissions dominated in summer and autumn seasons (82-98% CO₂-e emissions), whereas N₂O emissions dominated in winter (67-95% of CO₂-e emissions) when overall CO₂-e emissions were low. Our study highlights the importance of seasonal N₂O contributions, particularly when conditions driving CH₄ emissions may be less favourable. For the accurate upscaling of N₂O and CH₄ flux to annual rates, we need to assess relative contributions of individual trace gases to net CO₂-e emissions, and the influence of elevated nutrient inputs and mitigation options across a number of mangrove sites or across regional scales. This requires a careful sampling design at site-level that captures the potentially considerable temporal and spatial variation of N₂O and CH₄ emissions.     

Effects of microhabitat diversity and geographical isolation on oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) communities in mangrove forests

The effects of microhabitat diversity and geographical isolation on the structure of oribatid communities were studied in mangrove forests on the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The study took place at three sites on two islands 470 km apart. Oribatid mites (Oribatida) were extracted from leaves, branches, bark of trunks (0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 cm high) and of knee roots, and from forest-floor soil and littoral algae, each defined as a microhabitat of oribatid mites. At the 0-50 cm height, the species composition of the oribatid communities on the knee-root bark and the bark of trunks of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza differed significantly from that on the other microhabitats. This difference was attributed to tidal flooding of the mangrove forests. Cluster analysis showed that oribatid communities in the same microhabitat at different sites tended to be more similar than those on different microhabitats at the same site. This implies that the species composition of oribatid communities in mangrove forests is more likely to be affected by factors responsible for microhabitat diversity (characterized specifically by the flooded trunks) than by geographical distance between the islands.     

Study of Yield Combining Ability and Genetic Relationship Among Exotic Tropical, Subtropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbreds and Temperate Maize Inbreds in China

Information on the genetic relationship between tropical maize (Zea mays L), germplasm and temperate maize germplasm is of great value to maize breeding. The objective of this study was to determine the combining ability and genetic relationship of 25 inbreds extracted from five tropical maize populations and a land race, with four temperate maize inbreds (Huangzaosi, Mo17, B73 and Dan 340). The 25 tropical inbreds were crossed with the four temperate inbreds and evaluated. Lines from Suwan1 and POP28 had high general combining ability (GCA) for grain yield. The lines from POP32 (ETO) had the highest special combining ability (SCA) with B73; the average SCA value of the 5 lines was 879 kg/ha. The lines from Suwan1had the second-highest SCA (584 kg/ha) with Huangzaosi. The lines from Suwan1 had the greatest relative heterosis (20%) with B73, followed by the lines from POP32 (ETO) with B73 (19%). Five heterotic patterns have been identified from this study: Suwan1 × Reid, ETO × Reid, POP28 × Reid, POP28 × Ludahonggu, and Suwan1 × Lancaster.     

耕作方式对土壤不同粒径团聚体氮素矿化的影响

研究了常规耕作和垄作免耕两种耕作方式下紫色水稻土不同粒径团聚体中氮的矿化过程。结果表明,不同粒径团聚体氮素矿化强度具有显著差异:潜在矿化势(Np)的最高值均出现在2.0～0.25 mm大团聚体中,最低值在>2.0 mm的宏团聚体中;2.0～0.25 mm团聚体的潜在矿化速率(Vp)和实际矿化速率(Va)比其他团聚体高1.2～1.6倍。常规耕作和垄作免耕两种耕作方式下不同团聚体的净矿化率随时间的变化趋势相同;垄作免耕显著增加了氮素的净矿化量,以原土为例:垄作免耕处理Np比常规耕作处理高33.9%,Vp和Va分别比常规耕作处理高85.2%和52.0%。虽然垄作免耕可以显著促进土壤中氮素的矿化作用,但是耕作方式对不同粒径团聚体内的氮矿化动力学过程并无显著影响,表明耕作方式对不同大小团聚体中可矿化氮和微生物的分布影响较小。     

Differing body size between the autumn and the winter–spring cohorts of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) related to the oceanographic regime in the North Pacific: a hypothesis

The neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii), which is the target of an important North Pacific fishery, is comprised of an autumn and winter–spring cohort. During summer, there is a clear separation of mantle length (ML) between the autumn (ML range: 38–46 cm) and the winter–spring cohorts (ML range: 16–28 cm) despite their apparently contiguous hatching periods. We examined oceanic conditions associated with spawning/nursery and northward migration habitats of the two different‐sized cohorts. The seasonal meridional movement of the sea surface temperature (SST) range at which spawning is thought to occur (21–25°C) indicates that the spawning ground occurs farther north during autumn (28–34°N) than winter–spring (20–28°N). The autumn spawning ground coincides with the Subtropical Frontal Zone (STFZ), characterized by enhanced productivity in winter because of its close proximity to the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF), which move south to the STFZ from the Subarctic Boundary. Hence this area is thought to become a food‐rich nursery ground in winter. The winter–spring spawning ground, on the other hand, coincides with the Subtropical Domain, which is less productive throughout the year. Furthermore, as the TZCF and SST front migrate northward in spring and summer, the autumn cohort has the advantage of being in the SST front and productive area north of the chlorophyll front, whereas the winter–spring cohort remains to the south in a less productive area. Thus, the autumn cohort can utilize a food‐rich habitat from winter through summer, which, we hypothesize, causes its members to grow larger than those in the winter–spring cohort in summer.     

一次大暴雨预报偏差原因分析

利用常规气象资料,从天气形势、雷达回波、卫星云图、数值预报对2010年7月20日台安地区大暴雨过程强度差异的原因进行分析。结果表明,这次降水是由西南涡、高空槽、切变线、副高、低空急流共同作用造成的。强度与实况差异的主要原因,日本数值预报形势预报量级偏小,水汽输送分析不足。     

2012年7月4日潍坊地区暴雨天气成因分析

为了研究透彻潍坊地区经常发生的暴雨天气,总结归纳夏季经常发生的暴雨天气类型,笔者利用常规观测资料和卫星、自动站、多普勒雷达等资料,对2012年7月4日潍坊地区暴雨过程进行天气动力学和中尺度分析。结果表明：造成此次暴雨天气的影响系统是低层切变线和地面倒槽,在副热带高压控制下的大尺度环流形势非常有利,低层水汽堆积及高层的强辐散为强对流发生提供了热力和动力条件。透彻分析影响潍坊地区的这种典型夏季暴雨类型,将为以后的预报工作积攒丰富经验。