乌拉圭回合农业协议及其对中国热区农业的影响

乌拉圭回合农业协议生效以来，世界各国相继削减了农产品关税，调整农业政策。本文略述其近况及其对中国热区农业可能产生的影响。     

西南亚热带天然混交林林冠截留效应1）

以位于西南亚热带的天然混交林为研究对象,利用2009年4—10月期间的60场林冠截留观测资料,对降雨再分配特征进行综合分析,并应用修正的Gash模型对6—8月份的17场林冠截留量进行模拟。结果表明：研究期间总降雨量1086 mm,林内穿透雨总量、干流量、截留量分别为806．6、2．0、277．4 mm,分别占降雨量的74．30％、0．18％、25．50％;穿透雨量、树干茎流量均与降雨量呈显著的线性关系,而林冠截留量与降雨量呈显著的幂函数关系（p＜0．05）;穿透雨率、树干茎流率与降雨量呈显著的对数函数关系,但林冠截留率与降雨量呈显著的幂函数关系（p＜0．05）;林冠蓄水达到饱和时所需的最小降雨量为2．53 mm;雨前林冠的湿润程度对树干流的产生有很大影响,混交林在低雨量级（0～5 mm）时,不会产生树干茎流;饱和林冠截留量为26．1 mm,达到饱和林冠截留的降雨量为46．8 mm,当降雨量小于2．5 mm时,林冠截留率可达100％,当接近或超过50 mm时,林冠截留率趋于稳定;应用模型模拟的林冠截留量比实测值高出3．69％,模拟的林内穿透雨和干流量分别低于实测值的1．24％和5．38％。     

热带亚热带玉米种质在我国利用研究

热带、亚热带玉米种质的研究与利用是玉米育种研究的重要课题。简要阐述我国利用热带、亚热带种质的概况,评述热带、亚热带种质利用方法与途径及利用过程中存在的问题,最后指出热带、亚热带玉米种质在我国研究的重要性和利用前景。     

Influence of plant traits on production costs and profitability of strawberry in southeast Queensland

In Queensland the subtropical strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) breeding program aims to combine traits into novel genotypes that increase production efficiency. The contribution of individual plant traits to cost and income under subtropical Queensland conditions was investigated, with the overall goal of improving the profitability of the industry through the release of new strawberry cultivars. The study involved specifying the production and marketing system using three cultivars of strawberry that are currently widely grown annually in southeast Queensland, developing methods to assess the economic impact of changes to the system, and identifying plant traits that influence outcomes from the system.From May through September P (price; $ punnet⁻¹), V (monthly mass; tonne of fruit on the market) and M (calendar month; i.e. May = 5) were found to be related (r² = 0.92) by the function (±SE) P = 4.741(±0.469) − 0.001630(±0.0005)V − 0.226(±0.102)M using data from 2006 to 2010 for the Brisbane central market. Both income and cost elements in the gross margin were subject to sensitivity analysis.‘Harvesting’ and ‘Handling/Packing’ ‘Groups’ of ‘Activities’ were the major contributors to variable costs (each >20%) in the gross margin analysis. Within the ‘Harvesting Group’, the ‘Picking Activity’ contributed most (>80%) with the trait ‘display of fruit’ having the greatest (33%) influence on the cost of the ‘Picking Activity’. Within the ‘Handling/Packing Group’, the ‘Packing Activity’ contributed 50% of costs with the traits ‘fruit shape’, ‘fruit size variation’ and ‘resistance to bruising’ having the greatest (12-62%) influence on the cost of the ‘Packing Activity’. Non-plant items (e.g. carton purchases) made up the other 50% of the costs within the ‘Handling/Packing Group’. When any of the individual traits in the ‘Harvesting’ and ‘Handling/Packing’ groups were changed by one unit (on a 1-9 scale) the gross margin changed by up to 1%. Increasing yield increased the gross margin to a maximum (15% above present) at 1320 g plant⁻¹ (94% above present). A 10% redistribution of total yield from September to May increased the gross margin by 23%. Increasing fruit size increased gross margin: a 75% increase in fruit size (to ≈30 g) produced a 22% increase in the gross margin.The modified gross margin analysis developed in this study allowed simultaneous estimation of the gross margin for the producer and gross value of the industry. These parameters sometimes move in opposite directions.     

福建省不同耕地土壤和土地利用类型对“碳源/汇”的贡献差异研究

农田生态系统无论作为全球温室气体的“源”还是“汇”,均对大气CO2浓度的年际变化产生重要影响.以我国亚热带地区——福建省不同地理位置的闽侯县、浦城县、同安县和永定县为典型研究区,利用这4个县1982年23 869个样点和2008年12 521个样点实测数据建立的1∶5万土壤类型-土地利用方式数据库,分析了近30年来福建省不同土类、亚类、土属和土地利用方式耕地有机碳密度变化,并利用尺度上推的方法估算了全省两期耕地土壤有机碳储量.结果表明,近30年来福建省耕地总体上表现为弱的“碳汇”,土壤有机碳密度和储量分别上升了0.24 kg m-2和4.26 Tg,但不同土壤类型和土地利用方式在“碳汇/源”中的贡献程度差异很大.从土壤类型来看,紫色土、酸性紫色土和石灰泥田分别在土类、亚类和土属级别中的“碳汇”贡献最大,有机碳密度分别提高了0.63、0.63和1.25 kg m-2;而滨海盐土、滨海盐土和黄泥砂土则分别在土类、亚类和土属级别中的“碳源”贡献最大,有机碳密度分别下降了0.59、0.59和1.08 kg m-2.从土地利用方式来看,灌溉水田是全省最主要的“碳汇”,有机碳密度提高了0.27 kg m-2,而水浇地是全省最主要的“碳源”,有机碳密度下降了0.36 kg m-2.因此,在今后的福建省农田土壤有机碳管理政策中应重点考虑有机碳密度下降、面积较大的土壤类型及土地利用方式的有效管理.     

Manure application has an effect on the carbon budget of a managed grassland in southern Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

The carbon (C) budget of managed grassland in a cool-temperate region of Japan was estimated using a combination of eddy covariance and the biometric method for five years, to evaluate the effect of manure application. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the fertilizer (F) plot at a rate of 79 ± 20 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. In the manure (M) plot, dairy cattle manure was applied at a rate of 10 Mg fresh matter ha^?1 yr^?1 (1923 ± 407 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1, 159 ± 68 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1). There was no significant difference in seasonal gross primary production (GPP) and harvest between the treatment plots, indicating that both fertilizer and manure can increase the biomass production. Annual net ecosystem production (NEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) was significantly different between the treatment plots. The difference in RE, and between M and F plots approximates heterotrophic respiration of manure (RHm), which ranged from 0.9 to 1.3 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1. Average annual RHm was 1.1 ± 0.4 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1, and accounted for 56% of the total amount of applied manure C. The annual net biome production (NBP) in the M plot (from 0.0 to 1.5 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1) was significantly higher than in the F plot (?1.4 to 0.5 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1). The long-term effect of manure application combined with chemical fertilizer did not reduce grass production compared with chemical fertilizer only; however, manure application decreased the NEP throughout manure decomposition, and long-term manure application enhanced the NBP.     

贵州亚热带地区的野生珍稀观赏植物资源

贵州亚热带地区的野生珍稀观赏植物资源有４７科７３属９３种，分布在海拔１３７－１０００ｍ的林下，灌丛和岩隙中，处于淑危，渐危及稀有状态。就该区资源的分布规律，属类型，现状及栽培利用等方面进行了探讨。     

2017年7月15日周口短时强降水过程成因浅析

利用自动气象站资料、Micaps常规资料和T639资料等气象资料,通过天气学和天气动力诊断分析方法,对2017年7月15日周口强降水过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:副热带高压北抬、前期能量积蓄是这次强降水形成的主要环流背景;冷空气触发、低空急流配合切变线以及较强的垂直上升速度为此次降水过程提供了动力条件;西南急流带来的充沛水汽,为这次强降水发生提供了水汽条件。     

2010年辽宁本溪一次暴雨过程分析

受高空槽和副热带高压共同影响,2010年8月26～29日本溪地区出现暴雨、大暴雨天气过程。此次过程具有降水时间长、强度大、不断出现局地短历时强降水等特点,利用常规资料、卫星云图资料、雷达产品资料等对此次过程成因进行了分析,发现此次过程中副高位置的变化对预报降水起止时间、降水加强时间及降水落区的变化起了重要作用。     

辽宁中东部一次区域性暴雨天气过程分析

利用常规天气图、数值预报产品、各种物理量场和卫星云图等资料,对2010年8月27~29日影响辽宁中东部地区的暴雨天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明：该过程是由高空槽、副热带高压边缘的暖湿气流及南部海面上低压云系共同作用产生的。