森林土壤不同粒径颗粒的碳矿化研究

土壤是由不同粒径颗粒组成的,各粒径颗粒的性质差异大、在土壤中的空间位置不同。为了研究它们各自碳的变化差异,评估这些颗粒在土壤有机碳稳定和周转中的作用。选择亚热带阔叶林土壤,采用物理分组的方法,获得不同粒径土壤颗粒（>2 000、2 000~250、250~53、<53、53~20、20~2、<2μm）,与全土等重量开展矿化试验,研究碳矿化量差异、主要碳形态变化及其相互关系,反向探究不同粒径颗粒在全土壤中的作用。结果表明,不同粒径颗粒按照质量比例作为权重计算的CO2累积排放量、全碳、C/N、芳香性指数、游离氧化铁含量占全土的95.0%~101.8%。<2 μm和20~2 μm土壤颗粒CO2累积排放量显著高于其他颗粒和全土。全土及各颗粒土壤CO2累积排放量与比表面积、总孔隙体积、全碳、土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC, Dissolved organic carbon）、 土壤微生物生物量碳 (Soil microbial biomass carbon, MBC)、易氧化碳、游离氧化铁呈正相关性,而与C/N呈负相关性。通过对不同粒径颗粒16个指标降维分析,综合特征指数显示<2 μm和20~2 μm颗粒最高,即它们的综合作用最大。因此,全土壤的碳变化可追溯到土壤不同粒径颗粒碳的不同变化及关系,且土壤小粒径的团聚或被大粒径颗粒包闭可能是降低全土碳矿化的机理之一,有利于维持全土壤碳的稳定或增加保存。     

红壤稻田土壤有机质的积累过程特征分析

通过田间采样分析 ,研究了不同利用年限红壤稻田土壤有机质含量的变化及其过程和机理 ,确定达到平衡状态时红壤稻田土壤的有机碳含量水平。结果表明 ,在水耕条件下 ,土壤有机碳和全氮的积累过程可大致分为快速增长和趋于稳定阶段 ,水耕利用 30年 ,0～ 2 0cm土壤有机碳含量达到 2 0gkg- 1,全氮含量 1 6gkg- 1,随后 ,即使利用年限长达 80年 ,土壤有机碳和全氮含量变化趋于稳定 ,没有显著提高。 2 0天的培养期内 ,不同利用年限红壤稻田 0～ 1 0cm土层有机碳和有机氮的矿化率分别为 2 2 %～3 3%和 2 8%～ 6 7% ;总体来说 ,有机碳、氮的矿化率随红壤水稻土的熟化过程而升高。随着利用年限的增加 ,微生物生物量碳一直保持增加的趋势 ,而微生物生物量氮在利用 30年后其增加趋势明显趋缓 ;利用30年的红壤稻田 ,0～ 1 0cm土壤微生物生物量C、N为 332 8mgkg- 1和 2 3 85mgkg- 1,比利用 3年分别高1 1 1 %和 4 7%。与利用 3年的红壤稻田相比 ,利用 30年后细菌数量增加了 1 1倍 ( 0～ 1 0cm)和 3 8倍 ( 1 0～2 0cm) ,利用 80年后更显著地增加了 1 9倍 ( 0～ 1 0cm)和 1 2倍 ( 1 0～ 2 0cm) ;真菌的数量也呈上升的趋势 ,但在 30年利用后基本趋于稳定 ;此外 ,细菌的群落从荒草地的 4个种到 30～ 80年水田     

Contour hedgerow intercropping in the mountains of China: a review

Hedgerow intercropping systems were introduced in China in early 1990s. Achievements in research and extension of contour hedgerow intercropping in China during the past 15 years are reviewed here. Results reported in over 70 published papers have shown that hedgerow intercropping contributes to soil and water conservation, soil fertility amelioration, land productivity improvement, bio-terrace formation, and gives more options for income generation based on local resources in mountain areas. Research and demonstration works on contour hedgerow systems have achieved success by integrating local resources and needs into the system, especially in the dry valleys of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Three Gorges region. Contour hedgerow intercropping has attracted the attention of researchers, policy-makers, and farmers, and has been taken as an alternative to implementation of the Grain for Green policy, and ecological reconstruction and restoration today. To date, hedgerow intercropping has been demonstrated and applied practically on sloping land in more than six provinces of China, particularly Sichuan, Guizhou, Shanxi, Shaanxi, as well as in the Three Gorges region of Chongqing and Hubei Province. The intercropping system has also been practiced as an optimized technology for conserving farming on sloping lands, improving cash income, and reducing agricultural risks in depressed mountainous regions in southwest and northern China over recent years. Some misunderstandings and problems in studies and extension of the system in China are summarized and clarified, and some recommendations for further research and expansion of the system are also presented in this paper.     

Growth characteristics of multipurpose tree species,crop productivity and soil properties in agroforestry systems under subtropical humid climate in India

Multipurpose tree species （MPTs） were studied in an agroforestry arboretum under subtropical humid climate in Northeast India. Out of 12 MPTs planted under agroforestry systems, Acacia auriculiformis in spacing of 2 m × 2 m （2500 stems·hm^-2） could have the potentiality to meet the timber/fuelwood requirement due to its high wood production of 635 m^3·hm^-2 with mean annual increment （MAI） of 2.54×10^-2 m^3.treel.a^-1 in a short rotation period of 10 years. Thus, A. auriculiformis is a short rotation forest tree species suitable to grow in subtropical humid climate. On the other hand, at 16 years of age, Eucalyptus hybrid and Michelia champaca in spacing of 3 m × 3 m （1111 stems.hm^2） produced appreciably high timber volume of 315 m^3.hm^-2 and 165 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.77×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1·a^-1 and 0.92×10.2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1, respectively. At 16 years of age, Gmelina arborea produced a timber volume of 147 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.47×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1 followed by Samania saman （140 m^3.hm^-2）, Albizziaprocera （113 m^3·hm^-2） and Tectona grandis （79 m3.hm^-2） with MAI of 1.40, 1.13 and 0.78 × 10^-2 m^3 .tree^-1a^-1, respectively in 4 m × 4 m spacing （625 stems.hm^-2）. Gliricidia maculata and Leucaena leucocephala could be used as live fences around the farm boundary to supply their N-rich leaves for mulch as well as manure to crops. In agroforestry arboretum, direct seeded upland rice （Oryza sativa - variety, AR-11）, groundnut （Arachis hypogaea - variety, JL-24） and sesamum （Sesamum indicum - variety, B-67） were grown during the initial period upto 8 years of tree establishment. Under other MPTs, there was a reduction in crop productivity as compared to open space. After 8 years of tree establishment, horti-silvi and silvi-pastoral systems were developed and pineapple （Ananas comosus - variety Queen）, turmeric （Curcuma longa -variety RCT -1） and cowpea （Vigna sinensis - variety Pusa Barsati） as forage crop were raised. The productivity of p     

Local variation of outdoor thermal comfort in different urban green spaces in Guangzhou,a subtropical city in South China

To understand the influence of different urban green spaces on outdoor thermal comfort, researchers have focused on developing a thermal comfort range and estimating neutral and preferred temperatures through questionnaire surveys and microclimatic measurements. The simultaneity of investigation among different sites is often neglected, which decreases the accuracy and reliability of the outcomes. To fill this gap and to better address the local variation of outdoor thermal comfort in different urban green spaces, both surveys and measurements were performed simultaneously at three sites, “central grassland,” “pond-side garden” and “grove” in a subtropical urban local area in warm and cool periods. Remarkable differences in microclimatic conditions, thermal sensations, thermal comfort, and both neutral temperatures and preferred temperatures were observed among the three sites and in the two periods. Preferred temperatures were lower than neutral temperatures among different sites in each period or both periods combined, indicating the instinctive preference of people from relatively hot regions for a cooler thermal state. The grove yielded the best cooling capability but was perceived as the hottest and most uncomfortable site in the warm period. The central grassland with the highest air temperature, conversely, was perceived as the most comfortable site. The subjective perceptions were also reflected by lower neutral and preferred temperatures in the grove than those in the central grassland in the warm period. In particular, for preferred temperatures, up to 8.8 °C operative temperature (T_op) and 4.3 °C physiological equivalent temperature (PET) differences between these two sites were observed. Hence, a high density of trees does not necessarily result in better outdoor thermal comfort. Future urban planning and management, therefore, should emphasize the types and structures of different urban green spaces. To further comprehensively explore the roles of different urban green spaces in outdoor thermal comfort, high synchronicity among sites during investigation is important.     

Leaf litter decomposition in the pure and mixed plantations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cunninghamia lanceolata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Michelia macclurei</Emphasis> in subtropical China

Leaf litter decomposition of Cunninghamia lanceolata, Michelia macclurei, and their mixture in the corresponding stands in subtropical China was studied using the litterbag method. The objective was to assess the influence of native evergreen broadleaved species on leaf litter decomposition. The hypotheses were: (1) M. macclurei leaf litter with lower C/N ratio and higher initial N concentration decomposed faster than C. lanceolata litter, (2) decomposition rates in litter mixtures could be predicted from single-species decay rates, and (3) litters decomposed more rapidly at the site that contained the same species as in the litterbag. The mass loss of leaf litter was positively correlated with initial N concentration and negatively correlated with C/N ratio. The decomposition rate of M. macclurei leaf litter was significantly higher than that of C. lanceolata needle litter in the pure C. lanceolata stand. Contrary to what would be predicted, the litter mixture decomposed more slowly than expected based on the results from component species decomposing alone. There was no significant difference in litter decomposition rate between different habitats.     

Effects of soil microarthropods on plant litter decomposition across an elevation gradient in the Wuyi Mountains

Soil microarthropods are considered to be among the strongest determinants of plant litter decomposition in warm, humid sites. Little is known, however, about the regulation of plant litter decomposition dynamics along an elevation gradient in such sites. Our study examined the contributions of soil microarthropods to leaf litter decomposition of a single substrate (Castanopsis carlesii) along an elevation gradient across four types of zonal vegetations in southeastern China: evergreen broadleaf forest (EVB): coniferous forest (COF): dwarf forest (DWF): and alpine meadow (ALM) during April 2007 to March 2008. Leaf litter decomposition of C. carlesii was significantly accelerated by the presence of fauna in all four sites. After 360 days in the field, mass loss rates with the full decomposer assemblage and in the reduction of microarthropods were 62.9% and 41.2% in EVB, 48.1% and 30.6% in COF, 36.4% and 27.8% in DWF, 30.3% and 23.7% in ALM, respectively. The percentage of total decomposition due to the presence of soil fauna was 37% in EVB, 25% in COF, 12% in DWF, and 8% in ALM, thus showing strong systematic variation along the elevational gradient. The mass losses in control plots at the four sites were significantly correlated with the abundances of total Acari, Collembolans, and Mesostigmata mites. Although the proportion of Oribatid mites at EVB was not the highest among the four sites, there were elevated proportions of Mesostigmatid and Prostigmata mites, many of which were microbe-consuming species and induce an indirect influence on litter decomposition. Moreover, Shannon Index (F = 2.455, p = 0.093) and Group Number (F = 5.830, p = 0.005) both decreased along the elevation gradients. Mass losses were also found to be distinctively related to H′ (r² = 0.984, p = 0.016), and GN (r² = 0.952, p = 0.048) across the four sites. Our results suggest that the faunal contribution to plant litter decomposition varies markedly across environmental gradients that differ in litter faunal diversity.     

河北省廊坊市一次降水过程的诊断分析

利用常规气象站观测资料、加密自动站和天津新一代多普勒雷达资料,分析了2011年8月14-16日冀中廊坊的一次降水过程,结果表明:本次过程是典型的北方冷空气东移南下与副热带高压(以下简称副高)外围的暖湿空气交汇所产生的强降水过程。     

台风“纳沙”造成广西强降水成因分析

主要对2011年第17号台风"纳沙"对广西大范围暴雨天气的成因进行分析。结果表明:引起广西大范围暴雨的主要因素是冷空气与"纳沙"的交汇作用、副热带高压带的稳定加强、西南季风云团的卷入。整个过程中不同时段的降水具有不同的成因,9月29日20时～30日20时为第一阶段,强降水是由"纳沙"内部环流与冷空气相互作用引起的;9月30日20时～10月2日20时为第二阶段,强降水主要是由"纳沙"外围西南气流与副热带高压带西侧东南气流辐合引起的。     

一次副高边缘局地大暴雨的诊断分析

利用常规气象资料及FY-2C气象卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达回波等,采用天气学诊断分析方法对2010年8月13日傍晚到夜里出现在太行山脚下河南焦作市一次局地突发性大暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明,西风槽、副热带高压、中低层切变线、地面冷锋和暖倒槽是这次局地大暴雨的主要的天气尺度系统;强降水发生前,焦作已经形成了明显的能量锋区,且上干下湿的大气层结随着地面冷锋逐渐东南下,焦作触发了强对流天气;低层辐合高层辐散的散度场配置,增强了大气的抽气作用,导致暴雨区上空较强的垂直上升运动,从而有利于降水的加强,为暴雨的产生提供了动力条件;卫星云图上3个对流云团合并加强是造成焦作短时强降水的主要原因;雷达图上的反射率因子、回波顶高、垂直累积液态含水量产品对于强降水有很好的指示意义。