Primary productivity in cities and their influence over subtropical bird assemblages

Changes in ecosystem structure caused by urbanization produce a reduction in photosynthetic productivity, which can lead to reductions in resource availability for birds. Here, we analyzed the relation between photosynthetic productivity and bird assemblages in a subtropical urban ecosystem, in North-Western Argentina. We used Generalized Linear Models to assess the responses of bird abundance, richness and diversity to photosynthetic productivity, vegetation cover and distance to main natural forest. We found higher bird richness and diversity with increasing photosynthetic productivity and vegetation cover, and with decreasing distance to forests; while total bird abundance was positively related to vegetation cover. When we classified bird species in different groups, based on their use of the environment, we found that species adapted to urban environments were more dependent on photosynthetic productivity, while species related to native forests were more dependent on the distance to source forests. Understanding the factors that affect bird assemblages in cities is important for the development of strategies for urban planning and conservation.     

2007年淮河流域暴雨洪涝及2003年的对比分析

分析了2007年夏季淮河流域安徽段洪涝的雨情、水情以及天气学条件,并与2003年淮河流域洪涝进行了比较。结果表明,乌拉尔山高压脊稳定,西太平洋副高较常年偏强,西风带冷空气频繁,强劲的低空急流和台风活动极端偏少,这5大因素的相逢相遇,导致了稳定的连续暴雨;而副高脊线较常年偏北2个纬距,也正好使主雨带较常年偏北2个纬距,落到淮河流域,导致淮河洪涝。     

抚顺市2010年异常气候对农业影响分析

[目的]研究抚顺市2010年异常气候及其对农业的影响。[方法]针对2010年抚顺市异常气候特点,对异常气候大气环流特征及异常气候对农业各方面影响进行分析。[结果]抚顺市2010年异常气候为：春季气温异常偏低,降水异常偏多,各月降水持续偏多,日照持续偏少;7-8月降水异常偏少,出现5次暴雨天气。主要大气环流特征为：3月极涡明显偏强,冷空气活动频繁;4月中旬乌拉尔山高压脊偏强,东亚大槽偏西、偏强,亚洲中北部锋区强;5月亚洲中高纬度为宽广槽区,北支锋区偏北副热带高压脊线比常年偏北,西脊点位置较常年偏西有利于水汽输送出现多雨天气;7-8月由于极涡异常偏强,副热带高压偏西偏强有利于北方冷空气南下和南方水汽输送。2010年异常气候对农业各方面带来不利影响,造成较大经济损失。[结论]该研究为提高异常天气预报和防灾减灾能力提供参考。     

绥中地区一次暴雨天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料、卫星云图,对2010年7月19-20日发生在辽宁绥中地区区域性暴雨、局地大暴雨的天气过程进行分析。结果表明,副热带高压稳定偏北是产生此次强降水的根本原因。西南涡北上为过程提供了充沛的水汽和热力辐合抬升条件,冷空气东移南下为过程提供了动力抬升条件。     

呼伦贝尔市2013年7月14-16日暴雨天气分析

利用常规气象资料和红外云图资料,对2013年7月14—16日呼伦贝尔市一次暴雨天气过程进行成因分析、,结果表明：此次降水的环流形势为典型的副热带高压与西风槽相互作用的暴雨天气形势．系统垂直发展旺盛且坡度陡直,使得中低层影响系统始终处于上升运动区：地面气旋的辐合作用和辐合线的抬升作用是这次暴雨产生的触发机制;中低空急流的耦合配置为对流发展创造了有利条件,同时低空急流为这次暴雨天气提供了源源不断的水汽输送：南北长达数千公里带状云系上的对流云团强盛发展与暴雨落区时应很好、     

贵州亚热带地区野生果树资源种类,评价及利用

贵州亚热带地区野生果树资源十分丰富，现已收集到１８科３７属９４种，根据植物学特性，有常绿乔木，常绿灌木或水乔木，常绿藤本和常绿草本，落叶乔木，落叶灌木或小乔木和落叶木质量藤本７类，果实为核果，浆果，仁果和瓠果，垂直分布于海拔１５０～１０００ｍ的常绿阔叶林或灌丛中，本文亦对该区野生果树资源蕴藏量，开发利用前景进行了综合评价，并指出引种栽培土壤，水分，光照等因子是成功的关键。     

贵州亚热带地区野生秋海棠种质资源及其生境类型

 贵州亚热带地区有野生秋海棠19 种(含新记录种) , 其中1 种仅分布于黔北, 1种仅分布于黔东北, 4 种仅分布于黔东南, 8 种仅分布于黔南。其生境类型可分为灌丛湿地型、森林湿地型和阴湿岩石型, 以阴湿岩石型的种类较多。其按用途可分为观赏型和兼用型,以观赏型种类占多数。粗喙秋海棠、截裂秋海棠、美丽秋海棠、光叶秋海棠和小秋海棠5种处于濒危状态。     

Spatial and temporal variation of nitrous oxide and methane flux between subtropical mangrove sediments and the atmosphere

We quantified spatial and temporal variations of the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) and associated abiotic sediment parameters across a subtropical river estuary sediment dominated by grey mangrove (Avicennia marina). N₂O and CH₄ fluxes from sediment were measured adjacent to the river (“fringe”) and in the mangrove forest (“forest”) at 3-h intervals throughout the day during autumn, winter and summer. N₂O fluxes from sediment ranged from an average of −4 μg to 65 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ representing N₂O sink and emission. CH₄ emissions varied by several orders of magnitude from 3 μg to 17.4 mg CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹. Fluxes of N₂O and CH₄ differed significantly between sampling seasons, as well as between fringe and forest positions. In addition, N₂O flux differed significantly between time of day of sampling. Higher bulk density and total carbon content in sediment were significant contributors towards decreasing N₂O emission; rates of N₂O emission increased with less negative sediment redox potential (E_h). Porewater profiles of nitrate plus nitrite (NO_x⁻) suggest that denitrification was the major process of nitrogen transformation in the sediment and possible contributor to N₂O production. A significant decrease in CH₄ emission was observed with increasing E_h, but higher sediment temperature was the most significant variable contributing to CH₄ emission. From April 2004 to July 2005, sediment levels of dissolved ammonium, nitrate, and total carbon content declined, most likely from decreased input of diffuse nutrient and carbon sources upstream from the study site; concomitantly average CH₄ emissions decreased significantly. On the basis of their global warming potentials, N₂O and CH₄ fluxes, expressed as CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-e) emissions, showed that CH₄ emissions dominated in summer and autumn seasons (82-98% CO₂-e emissions), whereas N₂O emissions dominated in winter (67-95% of CO₂-e emissions) when overall CO₂-e emissions were low. Our study highlights the importance of seasonal N₂O contributions, particularly when conditions driving CH₄ emissions may be less favourable. For the accurate upscaling of N₂O and CH₄ flux to annual rates, we need to assess relative contributions of individual trace gases to net CO₂-e emissions, and the influence of elevated nutrient inputs and mitigation options across a number of mangrove sites or across regional scales. This requires a careful sampling design at site-level that captures the potentially considerable temporal and spatial variation of N₂O and CH₄ emissions.     

Effects of microhabitat diversity and geographical isolation on oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) communities in mangrove forests

The effects of microhabitat diversity and geographical isolation on the structure of oribatid communities were studied in mangrove forests on the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The study took place at three sites on two islands 470 km apart. Oribatid mites (Oribatida) were extracted from leaves, branches, bark of trunks (0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 cm high) and of knee roots, and from forest-floor soil and littoral algae, each defined as a microhabitat of oribatid mites. At the 0-50 cm height, the species composition of the oribatid communities on the knee-root bark and the bark of trunks of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza differed significantly from that on the other microhabitats. This difference was attributed to tidal flooding of the mangrove forests. Cluster analysis showed that oribatid communities in the same microhabitat at different sites tended to be more similar than those on different microhabitats at the same site. This implies that the species composition of oribatid communities in mangrove forests is more likely to be affected by factors responsible for microhabitat diversity (characterized specifically by the flooded trunks) than by geographical distance between the islands.     

Study of Yield Combining Ability and Genetic Relationship Among Exotic Tropical, Subtropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbreds and Temperate Maize Inbreds in China

Information on the genetic relationship between tropical maize (Zea mays L), germplasm and temperate maize germplasm is of great value to maize breeding. The objective of this study was to determine the combining ability and genetic relationship of 25 inbreds extracted from five tropical maize populations and a land race, with four temperate maize inbreds (Huangzaosi, Mo17, B73 and Dan 340). The 25 tropical inbreds were crossed with the four temperate inbreds and evaluated. Lines from Suwan1 and POP28 had high general combining ability (GCA) for grain yield. The lines from POP32 (ETO) had the highest special combining ability (SCA) with B73; the average SCA value of the 5 lines was 879 kg/ha. The lines from Suwan1had the second-highest SCA (584 kg/ha) with Huangzaosi. The lines from Suwan1 had the greatest relative heterosis (20%) with B73, followed by the lines from POP32 (ETO) with B73 (19%). Five heterotic patterns have been identified from this study: Suwan1 × Reid, ETO × Reid, POP28 × Reid, POP28 × Ludahonggu, and Suwan1 × Lancaster.