Drought and ecosystem carbon cycling

Drought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with the carbon cycle differently than the ‘gradual’ climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and structurally to prevent excessive water loss according to species-specific water use strategies. This has consequences for carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by total ecosystem respiration. After a drought the disturbances in the reservoirs of moisture, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and carbohydrates in plants lead to longer-term effects in plant carbon cycling, and potentially mortality. Direct and carry-over effects, mortality and consequently species competition in response to drought are strongly related to the survival strategies of species. Here we review the state of the art of the understanding of the relation between soil moisture drought and the interactions with the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that plant strategies must be given an adequate role in global vegetation models if the effects of drought on the carbon cycle are to be described in a way that justifies the interacting processes.     

PEG渗透胁迫对甘薯光合作用的影响

采用PEG渗透胁迫方法研究了遗30 6、渝薯8号、Ayamurasaki 3个甘薯品种的光合作用变化。结果表明,渗透胁迫下3个甘薯品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Cond)下降,并随胁迫时间的延长而加剧。3个品种间有显著不同,其中,Ayamurasaki的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度随胁迫持续下降最小,说明Ayamurasaki耐旱性强于另外2个品种。     

香紫苏在不同发育阶段的蒸腾作用与环境因子之间关系的研究

对香紫苏不同发育阶段的蒸腾作用与环境因子的相互关系进行了系统研究。结果表明,香紫苏在苗期的蒸腾作用最强,其日变化最大,蕾期次之,花期最小,并且温度、光照强度和叶温与蒸腾速率之间均呈现明显的正相关,而气孔导度与光照强度及温度之间却呈现出负相关性,湿度和气孔导度之间则呈明显的正相关。蒸腾速率与气孔导度日变化趋势类似,可能在于二者通过一定的协调关系,控制叶面水分的蒸发。     

烟草气孔导度对光强的响应

气孔导度模型是评价植物叶片气孔调节的重要工具。为比较几种常用的气孔导度模型对烟草的适用性, 本研究采用Li-6400光合测定系统, 测定了大田条件下, 烟草叶片在控CO₂(390 μmol·mol^-1)和控温(20 ℃、25 ℃、30 ℃和35 ℃)情况下的气孔导度光响应曲线。以Ball-Berry模型(BB模型)、Leuning修正模型(BBL模型)、叶子飘和于强推导的机理模型(BBY模型), 对各温度下烟草的气孔导度进行拟合和比较, 将气孔导度模型与净光合速率的光响应修正模型进行耦合(耦合模型), 研究了烟草气孔导度的光响应特征, 并与Jarvis模型进行比较。拟合结果表明, 较之BB模型和BBL模型, BBY模型能更好地描述各温度下烟草气孔导度与净光合速率之间的关系。耦合模型和Jarvis模型都能较好地拟合烟草气孔导度对光强的响应曲线, 但耦合模型的拟合效果更好, 且可以直接估算最大气孔导度和对应的饱和光强, 同时可以研究最大气孔导度与最大净光合速率是否同步的问题。结果表明, 各温度下, 烟草最大气孔导度与最大净光合速率并不同步。20 ℃下气孔导度早于净光合速率达到最大值, 而其余温度下气孔导度晚于净光合速率达最大值。     

番茄叶片气孔导度及渗透调节物质对快速水分胁迫的响应

本研究采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液控制番茄的根际水势和利用光合仪控制叶面的空气湿度,监测叶片水势、气孔导度、渗透调节物质含量等指标的变化,揭示快速水分胁迫下番茄的应激性生理响应。结果显示,当Gs小于120 mmol.m 2.s 1时,水分胁迫处理番茄的叶片净光合速率(Pn)小于对照。空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)与番茄叶片Gs呈显著的负相关(R2≥0.892)。在同一空气湿度条件下,水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片Gs仅为对照的43%~51%。快速水分胁迫下番茄叶片的可溶性糖含量呈先增再降的波动,轻度和中度胁迫下可溶性糖含量比对照(0 min)分别增加61.4%~195.8%和56.0%~167.5%。可见,番茄叶片Gs为120 mmol.m 2.s 1是对Pn影响的一个重要阈值。气孔调节是适应快速干旱胁迫的重要应激性生理响应。可溶性糖对维持番茄叶片细胞膨压和适度气孔开度具有一定的渗透调节作用。     

甲醛胁迫下蚕豆保卫细胞中过氧化氢的积累及其对气孔导度和开度的影响

以蚕豆为试材,对甲醛(HCHO)处理0、24、48、72 h的蚕豆叶片进行气孔开度、导度、细胞内H2O2含量和抗氧化酶活性的测定,并用荧光显微检测法进行了H2O2的亚细胞定位检测。结果表明:气体HCHO处理的72 h内,由于蚕豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性从284.52 U·min-1·g-1 FW升至291.44 U·min-1·g-1 FW,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性先升高后降低,导致蚕豆叶片中H2O2含量从1.31μmol·g-1 FW升至2.39μmol·g-1 FW;较短时间(24~48 h)的HCHO处理下蚕豆叶片H2O2主要分布在保卫细胞的胞质中,72 h后不仅保卫细胞的胞质中H2O2积累增多,积累H2O2的叶绿体数量也增多;HCHO持续处理72 h内蚕豆叶片气孔开度和导度分别下降46.50%和78.80%,涂抹抗坏血酸(ASA)的实验证实,H2O2对蚕豆叶片气孔开度和导度的调节起到关键作用。研究认为,0.46~0.72 mg·m-3的HCHO胁迫致使蚕豆叶片中积累的H2O2定位于保卫细胞,是蚕豆叶片气孔开度减小和导度降低的主要原因。     

Diurnal and seasonal patterns of leaf gas exchange in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) growing in a subtropical climate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal and diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) plants grown in an irrigated lawn. Carbon dioxide assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature and leaf‐to‐air vapour pressure difference were measured during the daylight period from April 2003 to March 2004. The monitored environmental variables were photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature, air relative humidity, photoperiod and sunshine rate. Factor and cluster analyses were used to select variables and to group months with similar physiological and meteorological characteristics, and three distinct periods were identified: (i) May to July: with low energetic availability, low leaf temperatures and low photosynthetic activity; (ii) September to January: with high energetic availability, high leaf temperatures and high photosynthetic activity; and (iii) April–March–August: a transient period with environmental and physiological characteristics showing intermediate values. The reduced plant development and growth during the winter season was in accordance to the lower photosynthetic activity recorded from June to August, this variable being a potential indicator of reduced phytomass production. The relationships between leaf gas exchange and seasonal growth are discussed.     

Effects of dissolved carbon dioxide on the integrity of the rumen epithelium: An agent in the development of ruminal acidosis

The carbon dioxide released and dissolved in rumen fluid may easily permeate across the epithelial cell membrane. Thus, we hypothesized that CO₂ may act as proton carrier and induce epithelial damage under acidotic conditions. Ovine ruminal epithelia were mounted in Ussing chambers under short‐circuit conditions. The serosal buffer solution had a constant pH of 7.4 and was gassed either with 100% oxygen or with carbogen (95% O₂/5% CO₂). The mucosal solution was gassed with either 100% oxygen or 100% carbon dioxide. The mucosal pH was lowered stepwise from 6.6 to 5.0 in the presence or absence of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). The transepithelial conductance (G_t) as an indicator of epithelial integrity and the short‐circuit current (I_sc) as an indicator of active electrogenic ion transfer were continuously monitored. At an initial mucosal pH of 6.6, there was no significant difference in G_t between the treatment groups. In the absence of both SCFA and CO₂, G_t remained constant when the mucosal solution was acidified to pH 5.0. In the presence of SCFA, mucosal acidification induced a significant rise in G_t when the solutions were gassed with oxygen. A small increase in G_t was observed in the mucosal presence of CO₂. However, no difference in final G_t was observed between SCFA‐containing and SCFA‐free conditions under carbon dioxide gassing during stepwise mucosal acidification. The SCFA+proton‐induced increase in G_t could also be minimized by serosal gassing with carbogen. Because of the SCFA+proton‐induced changes in G_t and their attenuation by CO₂, a protective role for mucosally available carbon dioxide may be assumed. We suggest that this effect may be due to the intraepithelial conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. However, the serosal presence of CO₂ at a physiological concentration may be sufficient to protect the epithelia from SCFA+proton‐induced damage for a certain period of time.     

谷子黄叶色突变体光合特性研究

为解析谷子黄叶色突变体高光合特性机理,以野生型豫谷1号为对照,分析了谷子全生育期黄叶色突变体ylm-1和ylm-2的光合色素、光合速率、气孔特性、荧光参数、光合关键酶活性和产量性状。结果表明,突变体光合色素含量为野生型豫谷1号的50%~60%,强光下突变体光合速率(Pn)较野生型显著提高,且无明显的“午休睡眠现象”;ylm-1和ylm-2气孔导度(Gs)显著增加。荧光参数结果显示,与野生型相比,突变体的光能利用效率和转化效率明显增加,光合关键酶1,5二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)活性明显降低,而ylm-1和ylm-2磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)活性分别增加了23.3%、24.4%和12.9%、15.5%。产量相关性状分析表明,突变体单穗质量、穗粒质量及千粒质量较野生型显著增加。本研究结果为谷子高光效及分子标记辅助选择育种提供了重要的理论依据。     

水稻新品种辽星1号光效利用分析

水稻新品种辽星1号具有很强的广适性,从北纬39°到北纬43°布点试验,用L6400光效测定仪测定辽星1号及其对照品种的光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量(SPAD)、经济系数等指标,在4个不同纬度,辽星1号的各项指标均显著地高于辽宁其它主栽品种;产量结构没有发生很大变化,产量始终表现出较高水平.