果实裂果影响因子研究进展

裂果是一类生理性病害,果实开裂后既影响外观,又容易受到病菌的侵染出现浆烂果,果实商品价值严重降低并造成重大经济损失。笔者从果实的表型特征、遗传因素、生理特性、矿质元素、环境、植物生长调节剂、栽培措施等方面对裂果的影响因子进行了分析,并就今后研究的方向进行了讨论。     

水分胁迫下三种李属红叶树种光合作用的日变化

以2 a生桃砧紫叶李、紫叶桃、美人梅为试材,利用LI-6400便携式光合作用分析仪测定在水分胁迫下这3个红叶树种净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)的日变化特征。结果表明:在干旱胁迫之前这3个红叶树种的净光合速率、气孔导度以及蒸腾速率日变化动态都呈双峰曲线,但随着胁迫时间的延长,3个树种叶片的3个光合参数均由双峰曲线变成了单峰曲线,峰值陡度变缓。     

Leaf anatomical characteristics and physiological responses to short-term drought in Ziziphusmauritiana (Lamk.)

The aim of this work was to study the association between leaf anatomical characteristics and response to short-term drought stress in Ziziphusmauritiana Lamk. Six Z. mauritiana cultivars (Seb, Gola, Umran, Keitly, Q-29 and B-5/4) under field conditions in Israel's Negev desert were studied. Width of palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and epidermis, xylem number and diameter in mid-vein were investigated with light microscopy. Short-term (3 weeks) drought stress tolerance was evaluated by monitoring plant response (leaf transpiration, diffusive resistance, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf water potential and leaf relative water content). Greater epidermis and mesophyll widths and xylem diameters and densities were associated with increased tolerance to short-term water deficit expressed by preliminary wilting symptoms and proportional differences between initial and final physiological parameters. Significantly larger differences were found in Keitly, Umran and B-5/4 than in Seb, Gola and Q-29, indicating that the former cultivars are more sensitive to drought stress. Our results indicate that tolerance in descending order was Seb, Q-29, Gola, B-5/4, Keitly and finally Umran. The existence of an association between anatomical characteristics and short-term drought stress tolerance based on physiological responses is suggested.     

水分胁迫对水稻剑叶气孔特性的影响

在水分胁迫下水稻剑叶叶片气孔密度明显增加,气孔的长度、宽度明显减小。水分胁迫下气孔密度增加主要是由于叶面积的减小,气孔的行数有所增加。同时研究还表明,秋光的气孔密度与气孔长度呈显著正相关(r=0.989*),比叶重与气孔长度(r=-0.952*)、气孔宽度(r=-0.971*)均呈显著负相关,但相关性都未达到极显著;其余各性状间相关性不显著。沈农265的气孔密度与气孔长度呈显著正相关(r=0.977*),比叶重与叶面积之间的相关性达显著负相关(r=-0.976*),均未达到极显著相关;其余各性状间相关性不显著。随着水分胁迫程度的增加,秋光和沈农265的游离脯氨酸含量也随之增加。除了CDS处理以外,秋光的游离脯氨酸含量基本上都高于沈农265。结果说明,沈农265的抗旱适应性要好于秋光,但是水分胁迫对秋光与沈农265均有负面影响。     

野古草居群光合作用对光强和CO2浓度的响应特征

以移植于同一环境的辽宁地区4个野古草居群为对象,比较了它们的光合作用对光强和CO₂浓度的响应差异,为研究其居群表型性状多样性的生理基础提供参考。结果表明,野古草光合速率对光强和CO₂浓度的光合响应特征参数在居群间多数存在显著差异,居群P₁(本溪)、居群P₂(北镇)具较高的光饱和点(分别为1782和1690 μmol/m²·s)、表观量子效率(分别为0.0553和0.0564)及表观羧化效率(分别为0.0568和0.0783),较低的CO₂补偿点(分别为14和12 μmol/mol),具有较高的光能生产潜力。居群P₃(建平)、居群P₄(彰武)的气孔导度低(分别为0.1227和0.1176 mol/m²·s),蒸腾速率低(分别为2.67和2.68 mmol/m²·s),持水能力强。     

干旱条件下葡萄叶片气孔导度和水势与节位变化的关系

【目的】研究干旱条件下葡萄叶片气孔导度和水势随叶片节位变化的规律及其机理。【方法】利用3005F01植物水势测定仪和SC-1气孔计测量不同干旱程度下葡萄主梢各节位叶片气孔导度和水势。【结果】浇水良好的条件下,葡萄叶片气孔导度随叶片节位的升高而升高,且两者有很好的线性关系;轻度干旱可导致上部节位叶片气孔导度大幅度下降,而下部节位叶片气孔导度变化不大,叶片水势随着节位上升而提高;和轻度干旱相反,严重干旱时,叶片气孔导度随叶片节位的升高而下降,叶片水势仍然随着叶片节位的升高而上升,两者呈现出明显的线性关系。【结论】浇水良好的条件下,叶片气孔导度和叶片水势没有相关性;不同节位叶片对干旱的响应敏感度存在明显的差异,这种差异和叶片水势的变化及其反馈调节有密切的联系。     

Effects of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield,Growth, and Some Physiological Characteristics of Wheat and Barley Plants

In 2009 a greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of boron (B) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatments, applied either alone or in combination, on yield, plant growth, leaf total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, membrane leakage, and leaf relative water content of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bezostiya) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Tokak) plants. Results showed that alone or combined B (0, 1, 3, 6, 9 kg ha^?1) and PGPR (Bacillus megaterium M3, Bacillus subtilis OSU142, Azospirillum brasilense Sp245, and Raoultella terrigena) treatments positively affected dry weight and physiological parameters searched in both species. Statistically significant differences were observed between bacterial inoculation and B fertilizer on root and shoot dry weight under non-cold-stress (NCS) and cold-stress (CS) conditions. Leaf total chlorophyll content (LTCC), stomatal conductance (SC), leaf relative water content (LRWC), and membrane leakage (ML) were negatively affected by CS conditions and decreased with reduced temperatures of media, but B and PGPR application alleviate the low-temperature deleterious effect in both species. The greatest SC and LRWC, and the lowest ML, were obtained by 6 kg B ha^?1 combined with R. terrigena treatment. The greatest LTCC in both NCS and CS conditions was observed with B. megaterium M3 application alone.     

Improvement in the Adaptation of Lygeum Spartum L. to Salinity In the Presence of Calcium

Lygeum spartum L. has been recently introduced in areas where salinity is high in soils. However, there are no studies about the physiological response of these plants to salt excess. The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on plant growth and water status was studied. Also, the effect of calcium (Ca) addition to salinity conditions was analyzed because of the coexistence of salinity and calcareous soils. Dry weight (DW), transpiration, and osmotic potential (Ψπ) decreased with elevated NaCl and were restored with Ca²⁺, whereas moderate salinity had no effect. Fresh weight (FW), water potential (Ψω), and root hydraulic conductance (L ₀) decreased with salinity; Ca²⁺ supply had an ameliorative effect at moderate salinity. Sodium (Na⁺) increased in leaf sap at high levels of NaCl and was decreased by Ca²⁺. Lygeum spartum showed a resistance to moderate salinity, but the effect of Ca²⁺ depends on salinity intensity. Thus, the role of Ca²⁺ in the tolerance to salinity was emphasized.     

Towards an improved and more flexible representation of water stress in coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance models

Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance (A-g_s) models are commonly used in ecosystem models to represent the exchange rate of CO₂ and H₂O between vegetation and the atmosphere. The ways these models account for water stress differ greatly among modelling schemes. This study provides insight into the impact of contrasting model configurations of water stress on the simulated leaf-level values of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g_s), the functional relationship among them and their ratio, the intrinsic water use efficiency (A/g_s), as soil dries. A simple, yet versatile, normalized soil moisture dependent function was used to account for the effects of water stress on g_s, on mesophyll conductance (g_m) and on the biochemical capacity. Model output was compared to leaf-level values obtained from the literature. The sensitivity analyses emphasized the necessity to combine both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of A in coupled A-g_s models to accurately capture the observed functional relationships A vs. g_s and A/g_svs. g_s in response to drought. Accounting for water stress in coupled A-g_s models by imposing either stomatal or biochemical limitations of A, as commonly practiced in most ecosystem models, failed to reproduce the observed functional relationship between key leaf gas exchange attributes. A quantitative limitation analysis revealed that the general pattern of C₃ photosynthetic response to water stress may be well represented in coupled A-g_s models by imposing the highest limitation strength to g_m, then to g_s and finally to the biochemical capacity.     

Responses of transpiration and canopy conductance to partial defoliation of Eucalyptus globulus trees

Partial defoliation has been shown to affect the water relations and transpiration (gas exchange) of plants. Over one growing season, the water relations in response to partial (∼45%) defoliation were examined in four-year-old Eucalyptus globulus trees in southern Australia. Daily maximum transpiration rates (E_max), maximum canopy conductance (GCmax), and diurnal patterns of tree water-use were measured over a period of 215 days using the heat-pulse technique in adjacent control (non-defoliated) and defoliated trees. Sap-flux measurements were used to estimate canopy conductance and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (K_P); leaf water potential (Ψ) and climate data were also collected. Following the removal of the upper canopy layer, defoliated trees exhibited compensatory responses in transpiration rate and canopy conductance of the remaining foliage. Defoliated E. globulus had similar predawn but higher midday Ψ_l, transpiration rates (E), canopy conductance (G_C) and K_P compared to the non-defoliated controls, possibly in response to increased water supply per unit leaf area demonstrated by higher midday Ψ_l. Higher E in defoliated E. globulus trees was the result of higher G_C in the morning and early afternoon. This paper also incorporates the cumulative effect of defoliation, in a phenomenological model of maximum canopy conductance of E. globulus. These results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of plant responses to defoliation, in particular the often observed up-regulation of photosynthesis that also occurs in response to defoliation.