荒漠植物白刺新固定碳在植物-土壤系统中的分配

定量生长季内荒漠植物新固定碳在植物-土壤的分配规律,对理解全球碳循环有着重要意义。采用野外原位¹³C-CO₂脉冲标记法,测定植物各器官及土壤¹³C丰度值,比较不同标记时间段白刺新固定碳分配在不同器官、土壤和呼吸损失中的分配规律,并量化了白刺光合碳向地上、地下碳库的转移。结果表明:不同标记时间段内¹³C-新固定碳在白刺叶、茎、根、土壤中的分配差异明显。在标记后1 h内,叶片和茎中¹³C丰度值迅速上升到最高值,¹³C丰度值分别达到520.1‰和592.5‰,比对照分别增加14和20倍,此后¹³C丰度值随时间推移逐渐下降,直至趋于稳定;而标记后18 h在根系和土壤中发现被标记的¹³C,¹³C丰度值分别达到9.5‰和-23.8‰,白刺新固定碳经地上部呼吸和土壤呼吸损失量分别在标记1和18 h后达到最大。标记32 d后,白刺新固定碳在地上部和地下部¹³C分配比例分别占35.59%和32.49%,呼吸损失(地上呼吸+土壤呼吸)占31.92%。荒漠植物白刺生长季年固碳量为2895.6 kg C·hm^-2·yr^-1,表明白刺在荒漠生态系统碳循环中起着重要的碳汇作用。     

稳定同位素在农产品溯源中研究进展

稳定同位素质谱技术准确度很高,根据元素稳定同位素在产品中比例的不同,可以实现农产品溯源、辨别农产品真伪、判断污染物来源、成矿年代追溯等目的。本文分别从植物产品和动物产品两方面,介绍了轻同位素及矿物元素(以锶为例)在农产品溯源中的研究进展,重点围绕碳、氮、氢、氧和锶稳定同位素在产地溯源中的应用进行了总结。稳定同位素溯源将会不断完善和发展,并广泛应用于地质、生态、法医、考古等更多的领域。     

Degree of feeding niche overlap uniformises the distribution of interspecific territories in a Malawian cichlid community

Cichlid fishes in the rocky littoral zones of Lake Malawi are among the most diverse endemic fish communities of the world. They segregate food resources, but considerable niche overlaps have been reported by numerous studies in this field. If their niches largely overlap, the heterospecific individuals are expected to behave like conspecific individuals. Instead of studying their niche segregation, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns of adult males of nine abundant cichlid species by point process analysis, with due attention to niche partitioning, as measured by stable isotope analysis. Because their feeding habitats are restricted by intra‐ and interspecific interferences over the mating and feeding territories respectively, we hypothesised that the interspecific feeding territories of species with nearly similar niche tended to be distributed uniformly. Although the typical territorial animals are expected to be distributed uniformly, the distribution pattern of intraspecific mating territory was judged to be uniform only for two out of nine species. This result suggests that each species has its specific preference for territorial locations or their locations are restricted by interspecific interactions. The latter explanation was partially supported by the agreed locations of gravity centres between intraspecific mating and interspecific feeding territories. Species pairs with similar isotope ratios tended to show a uniform distribution of interspecific feeding territories. Thus, individual species pairs keep a certain distance from each other by using nearly similar food resources. This result suggests that some cichlid species coexist not only through niche segregation but also through territorial interactions, like conspecific individuals.     

Trophic overlap between non‐native brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and native shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) in shallow lakes

We quantified trophic overlap between the invasive, non‐native catfish brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and the New Zealand native shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) in four peat and riverine lakes using stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and gut content analyses. Across all lakes and fish sizes over the austral spring–summer period, shortfin eel guts were dominated numerically by fish prey (57% occurrence cf 42% in brown bullhead), while Diptera larvae were most commonly encountered in guts of brown bullhead (45% cf 14% in eels). Significant differences in % composition of animal contents in guts were detected between fish species and sampling occasions (n = 4) but not between lakes. In contrast, stable isotope signatures of brown bullhead and shortfin eel did differ significantly between lakes but not between sampling occasions, indicating enduring sources of nutrition despite apparently differing ingestion patterns over time. The R mixing model MixSIAR indicated that shortfins likely assimilated higher proportions of fish prey carbon compared to brown bullheads, which appeared to show greater assimilation of invertebrates, consistent with the results of gut content analyses. Isotopic niche regions, calculated in nicheROVER using probabilistic ellipses, indicated that shortfin eels occupied at least c.60% of brown bullhead trophic niche, which occupied less than 30% of eel trophic niche in all but one lake. These estimates suggest that brown bullhead has higher potential to influence shortfin eel nutrition than vice versa, or that a broad trophic niche occupied by eels provides resilience to the effects of overlapping consumption patterns with invasive omnivores.     

Dietary niche expansion and niche shift in native marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) living in sympatry with introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The non‐native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been introduced worldwide for angling purposes and has established self‐reproducing populations in many parts of the world. Introduced rainbow trout often have negative effects on the native salmonid species, ranging from decrease abundance, growth and survival, to their local extinction. Assessing the effects of introduced rainbow trout on the native species is thus crucial to better set up conservation programmes. In this study, we investigated the effects of non‐native rainbow trout on the diet of native marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) living in the Idrijca River (Slovenia). An impassable waterfall separates the stream in two sectors only a few hundred metres apart: a downstream sector (treatment) in which marble trout live in sympatry (MTs) with rainbow trout (RTs) and an upstream sector (control) in which marble trout live in allopatry (MTa). Specifically, we investigated using stable isotopes the effects of rainbow trout on dietary niche, diet composition, body condition, and lipid content of marble trout. We found dietary niche expansion and niche shift in marble trout living in sympatry with rainbow trout. Compared to MTa, MTs had higher piscivory rate and showed higher body condition and prereproduction lipid content. Our results indicate that the presence of rainbow trout did not have negative effects on marble trout diet and condition and that changes in dietary niche of marble trout are likely to be an adaptive response to the presence of rainbow trout, and further research is needed to better understand.     

云南烟草丛枝症病害研究Ⅺ病原研究：类病毒问题

 感染云南烟草丛枝症病害的病苗的细胞切片中观察到类似于旁壁体的质膜体,旁壁体是类病毒侵染植物形成的特征病变结构,但多次双向电泳实验均未检测到类病毒分子,质膜体的形成可能和莫笑晗等发现的与云南烟草丛枝症病害相关的稳定RNA有密切关系,但线性开环结构和失活温度说明其不具有类病毒核酸特征。     

不同灌水条件下春小麦不同器官碳同位素分辨率与产量的相关性 国家自然科学基金项目(31060190)；宁夏回族自治区科技攻关项目；宁夏回族自治区国际合作项目；澳大利亚国际农业研究中心(ACIAR)项目(CIM/2005/111)；宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金项目（NZ12259）。

为确定碳同位素分辨率（Δ¹³C）用于春小麦高产节水品种选育的最佳测定时期和器官,以2个小麦地方品种、14个育成品种(系)和2个引进品种为试验材料进行不同灌水处理,分析了小麦旗叶、茎秆和籽粒Δ¹³C值的差异及其与产量的相关性。结果表明,同一品种不同部位Δ¹³C存在较大差异,籽粒Δ¹³C均低于开花期旗叶和基部秸秆、成熟期旗叶和基部秸秆的Δ¹³C。小麦材料相同部位的Δ¹³C在中度水分胁迫处理（T2）下低于其他灌水处理(T1 、T3和T4),在T2和轻度水分胁迫处理（T3）下,拔节期旗叶Δ¹³C与产量均呈显著负相关;在T3处理下,成熟期籽粒Δ¹³C与产量呈显著正相关。     

碳同位素分辨率与小麦光合生理指标的关系

为了解碳同位素分辨率(Δ)与小麦光合生理指标的关系,以洛旱6号和西农389的154个F4代株系中的24个高Δ株系和24个低Δ株系及亲本为供试材料,分析了陕西杨凌和永寿两种不同雨养环境条件下小麦籽粒Δ与灌浆期叶片光合生理指标的相关性,并对高、低Δ材料间光合生理指标和产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,在降雨较多的杨凌地区,高Δ株系表现出高的籽粒产量;在降雨较少、相对干旱的永寿地区,高、低Δ株系间籽粒产量差异不显著,但低Δ株系表现出低的气孔导度。在杨凌生态条件下,灌浆中期籽粒Δ与叶片蒸腾速率、光合速率、气孔导度和Ci/Ca生理指标的相关性在小麦整个灌浆期最为显著;在永寿生态条件下,灌浆中期籽粒Δ与蒸腾速率和Ci/Ca均相关显著。说环境条件影响小麦籽粒Δ与光合生理指标的关系。     

15N标记秸秆在太湖地区水稻土上的氮素矿化特征研究

采用室内恒温培养试验研究了在太湖地区乌栅土和黄泥土上添加15N标记秸秆后,秸秆15N在矿质氮、微生物氮和不同粒径土壤组分中的分配情况,并应用氮同位素库稀释法测定了秸秆在两种土壤上的氮总矿化速率。结果表明:两种土壤添加秸秆后,土壤矿质氮量在7～28 d之间迅速下降,微生物氮在前7 d逐渐升高,随后维持稳定。随着秸秆的分解,秸秆15N进入矿质氮库和微生物氮库,矿质15N在第7天时最高,占添加秸秆15N的9.24%～12.3%,微生物15N在第14天时最高,占添加秸秆15N的21.3%～40.5%,随后矿质15N和微生物15N量均下降。在培养的第7～28天之间,矿质15N和微生物15N出现下降,可能存在秸秆氮的损失。培养56 d时,10.5%～13.3%的秸秆15N进入土壤53μm～2 mm组分,24.5%～26.5%进入2～53μm组分,30%进入<2μm组分,有5.7%～14.9%的秸秆氮损失掉,仍有15.4%～29.1%的秸秆未分解,秸秆在乌栅土上分解的更多,但损失也更多。添加秸秆后0.5 d时,秸秆在乌栅土和黄泥土上的氮总矿化速率分别为1.61 mg kg-1d-1和1.48 mg kg-1d-1;56 d时,秸秆在乌栅土和黄泥土上的氮总矿化速率分别为0.26 mg kg-1 d-1和0.36 mg kg-1 d-1。     

稳定性同位素探针技术在土壤功能微生物原位鉴定的应用

新近发展起来的稳定性同位素探针技术（SIP）与分子生物学方法结合,能够定向发掘复杂环境中参与特定生态过程的微生物资源,是土壤功能微生物原位鉴定的有效手段,具有广阔的应用前景。其原理是环境样品中的功能微生物代谢同化同位素标记的底物,通过对其生物标志物（即DNA、RNA、PLFA等）进行提取、分离、鉴定和比对分析,以此获取介导土壤物质转化和循环过程的功能微生物的直接信息。本文在分别介绍SIP技术在土壤功能微生物原位鉴定过程中的各种前处理方法、生物标志物选择及后续鉴定方法的基础上,综述了SIP技术在研究驱动土壤有机污染物生物降解、碳氮循环等过程的功能微生物原位鉴定的应用进展,展望了SIP技术在土壤微生物基因组学方面的应用前景。