低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤可溶性有机碳动态

作为生物有效性极高的土壤活性有机碳组分之一的土壤可溶性有机碳易受到地表覆被以及土壤水热动态等影响,其含量与动态在短期内可能产生较大变化,从而可作为土壤有机碳动态的短期指标。以我国敏感而重要土壤碳汇之一的西南亚高山森林生态系统为研究对象,通过测定不同地表覆盖处理下(积雪和凋落物)原位培养的土柱DOC含量,研究不同地表覆被下低温季节土壤DOC的动态变化。结果表明,不同处理下亚高山森林土壤DOC含量在低温季节的变化仍然显著;积雪与凋落物对土壤DOC含量的作用不同,凋落物覆盖有利于低温季节(尤其后期)土壤DOC含量升高,而积雪则抑制了凋落物对土壤DOC的增加效应。这表明对于亚高山森林生态系统,冬季积雪减少或消失,有利于土壤DOC含量升高,从而导致土壤有机碳库中的不稳定性碳库比例增加。     

浙江缙云公益林生物量及固碳释氧效益

 根据浙江省缙云县117个公益林固定小班监测数据,在推算不同群落类型（松林、杉木Cunnunghamia lanceolata林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、毛竹Phyllostachys edulis林和灌木林等6种群落类型）生物量的基础上,估算了公益林植被碳储量与碳密度,并通过碳税法、工业制氧法对缙云县公益林固碳释氧效益进行了分析。结果表明：缙云县公益林生物量现存总量为282.73 × 10⁴ t,单位生物量为93.21 t·hm^－2,杉木林单位生物量最高（102.61 t·hm^－2）,阔叶林次之（100.93 t·hm^－2）,灌木林最低（21.76 t·hm^－2）;公益林平均植被碳密度为47.37 t·hm^－2;固碳释氧总量为38.59 ×10⁴ t·a^－1,总价值4.07亿元·a^－1。对缙云县公益林建设提出了一些意见和建议。图3表6参25     

KOH活化法制备棉花秸秆活性炭的研究

以棉花秸秆为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭样品,探讨了炭化、活化及后处理过程中各实验条件对活性炭样品性能的影响。综合考虑活性炭样品的性能及得率,得出较优的实验条件为:炭化温度450～500℃、碱炭比值1.0、活化温度800℃、活化时间120 min;在较优条件下制得活性炭的比表面积2 312 m2/g,碘吸附值1 936 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值392 mg/g;孔径分布以微孔为主;表面含有羟基(—OH)、活泼氢(—H)等基团。     

木质颗粒活性炭的孔结构对丁烷吸附性能的影响研究

对5种不同工艺制备的杉木颗粒活性炭的丁烷活性、丁烷工作容量、丁烷持附性与孔结构之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:丁烷吸附性能与活性炭样品的比表面积、孔容积和孔径分布有着密切联系。对丁烷活性起作用的孔主要集中在1.16～2.00 nm;对丁烷工作容量有显著影响的孔径介于2.0～4.0 nm;对丁烷持附性影响最大的孔分布在0.5～1.0 nm。大孔对整个吸附过程没有什么显著影响,只是作为丁烷分子进入中孔、微孔的输送通道。     

木屑炭流态化活化工艺研究

以木屑炭为原料,水蒸气为活化剂,采用流态化工艺制备活性炭,研究了活化温度、载气流量、水蒸气流量、进料速度等因素对活性炭性能的影响。通过正交试验,确定了最佳工艺条件为活化温度870℃、载气流量250 m3/h、水蒸气流量150 m3/h、进料速度54 kg/h。在最佳工艺条件下,产品碘吸附值为1 162 mg/g,得率为31.62%。方差分析表明:对活性炭产率来说,只有活化温度的影响达到显著水平,其它因素的影响均不显著;对活性炭碘吸附值来说,活化温度、水蒸气流量、载气流量3因素的影响均达到显著水平。     

Distribution of biomass and carbon in even‐aged stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.): A case study on spacing and thinning effects in northern Denmark

The main objective of this case study was to explore the possible influence of forest management on the levels and distribution of biomass and carbon (C) in even-aged stands of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in Denmark. Data originated from a long-term thinning experiment and an adjacent spacing experiment at stand ages of 58 and 41 years, respectively. Biomass of 16 trees from different thinning and spacing treatments was measured or partly estimated, and soils were sampled for determination of C stocks. All trees in each plot were measured for stem diameter and some for total height, to allow for scaling-up results to stand-level estimates. For trees of similar size, foliage biomass tended to be higher in the spacing experiment, which was located on slightly more fertile land. Foliage biomass increased with increasing thinning grade, but the effect could not be separated from that of tree size. At stand level, foliage biomass tended to increase with increasing spacing as well as with increasing thinning grade. For branchwood, stems and roots (including below-ground stump), the biomass increased with increasing tree size and stand volume at tree and stand level, respectively, but no differences between stands, spacings or thinning grades were observed, apart from that expressed by tree size or stand volume. At stand level, C stocks of all biomass compartments decreased with increasing thinning grade, while the distribution between compartments was hardly influenced. The ratio between above-ground and stem biomass was about 1.21 at stand level, while the ratio between below- and above-ground biomass was about 0.17. Thinning influenced the C stock of the forest floor and mineral soil oppositely, resulting in no effect of thinning on total soil C.     

Carbon Accumulation and Fossil Fuel Substitution During Different Rotation Scenarios

Accumulation of carbon (C) in biomass and soil, and using forest residues for bioenergy are examples of forestry’s contribution to reducing the enhanced concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The aim of this report was to study the effect of rotation length on carbon accumulation in biomass and soil, and on the amount of forest residues that could substitute fossil fuel during 2000–2100. Two models, based on inventory data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, were used to simulate the effects of a changed rotation length in the region of Dalarna (1.8 × 10⁶ ha), in central Sweden. During the studied period, the accumulation of carbon in biomass was 32 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the prolonged rotation period and 105 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller for the shortened rotation period compared with the base scenario. The build-up of carbon in forest soil was 23 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the prolonged rotation than for the base scenario, whereas the shortened rotation was 24 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller than the base scenario. The potential to substitute fossil fuel was 37 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 larger for the shortened rotation and 17 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 smaller for the prolonged rotation compared with the base scenario. The annual accumulation of carbon in biomass decreased in all scenarios, which resulted in a prolonged rotation scenario possibly being a poor long-term solution (> 100 yrs). The amount of forest residues that could substitute fossil fuel increased in all scenarios during the studied period.     

Changes in soil properties of Abies holophylla and Quercus-dominated stands 4 years after trenching

Abstract

Few studies tried to isolate the influence of plant roots on the soil characteristics including soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. We evaluated the impact of root trenching on soil characteristics of coniferous (Abies holophylla) and deciduous (Quercus spp.) stands 4 years after trenching. Trenching treatment significantly increased the soil water content and nitrate concentration in both stand types. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity, soil C and N pools and isotopic compositions of C and N were significantly different between two stands, but trenching was not found to have significant impact on these soil properties. Our results indicated that root trenching in coniferous and broad-leaved deciduous forests of temperate region could significantly alter soil moisture regime and inorganic N levels, but not C and N stabilization in soils.     

Effect of dietary stable isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen on the extent of their incorporation into tissues of rats

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary ratios of 13C to 12C or 15N to 14N on their relative incorporation into tissues. Eighty male rats were used in two 21-day feeding trials in which they were fed diets with either high δ13C levels (δ13C = 13.89% and δ15N = 2.37% in experiment 1 and δ13C = 19.34% and δ15N = 4.73% in experiment 2) or low δ13C levels (δ13C = 17.90% and δ15N = 3.08% in experiment 1 and δ13C = 21.76% and δ15N = 0.53% in experiment 2), meanwhile, the dietary δ15N levels were designed to two ranks. Blood, liver, adipose and muscle tissues were collected on day 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 for determination of 13C, 12C, 15N and 14N isotopes. Rat growth rate, antioxidant capacity and metabolic parameters were also assessed. The results indicate that adipose tissue tend to deplete 13C before the stable isotopic ratios achieved final equilibrium. Therefore, feeds with different isotopic signatures had different incorporation rates into tissues. Low dietary 13C levels decreased tissue δ13C values whereas high dietary 13C levels did not alter tissue δ13C values during the 21-d experiment. Blood δ15 N values were a reliable parameter in assessing the relative contribution of dietary nitrogen to tissues. This study revealed a relationship between dietary isotopic signatures and their incorporation rates into rat tissues. However, more studies are needed to illustrate the mechanism through which dietary isotopic ratios influence the extent of isotopic incorporation into the tissues.     

建水县几种造林模式的综合效益评价

采用层次分析法对建水县碳汇林试验基地具有代表性的几种造林模式(云南松纯林、加勒比松纯林、车桑子纯林等)的生态、经济及社会效益构建评价模型,分4层进行评价.通过确定指标体系、判断矩阵及权重等步骤,认为几种造林模式中,加勒比松纯林的综合效益最大,云南松纯林其次,最小的是墨西哥柏+车桑子混交林及车桑子纯林.