城市居民低碳农产品支付意愿及影响因素研究——基于上海市低碳蔬菜的实证

研究城市居民对低碳蔬菜支付意愿及其影响因素,对有效开拓低碳农产品市场,促进农业碳排放减量有重要意义。基于条件价值评估法,调查了上海市居民对贴有低碳标签的蔬菜消费情况,运用稳健Logistic回归模型和稳健Tobit回归模型,分析城市居民对低碳蔬菜的购买意愿与支付水平,探讨了显著影响低碳蔬菜购买意愿与支付水平的因素。结果表明:受访居民的支付意愿与支付水平存在较大分异,有92%的受访居民有购买意愿,但额外支付水平仅为6%。性别和消费习惯等因素显著影响受访者对低碳蔬菜的购买意愿;家庭人口数量等因素显著影响受访者对低碳蔬菜的支付水平。对碳标签认知程度和受教育水平对购买意愿与支付水平均有显著作用。因此,要推动低碳农产品市场的建设,必须要加大宣传力度,同时应根据购买意愿和支付水平对蔬菜购买地点的敏感性,选取适合的渠道销售低碳蔬菜,并通过发展循环农业等方式降低低碳蔬菜的生产成本。     

Stability of co‐composted hydrochar and biochar under field conditions in a temperate soil

Hydrothermally converted biomass (hydrochar) is evaluated as a carbon‐rich soil amendment in addition to pyrogenic biochar. After assessing the suitability of hydrochar for use in agriculture, its environmental safety and comparing its chemistry with that of biochar, we describe a field trial established at Halle (Germany) under natural conditions for a temperate climate and without further external management practices. The main objective of our study was to analyse the stability and hence the C sequestration potential of composted chars over a period of 2 years. Four treatments (no amendment control, compost, co‐composted hydrochar and co‐composted biochar) in fourfold field replication were chosen to make a direct comparison of biochar and hydrochar under field conditions. The total organic carbon and total N increased in all treatments in comparison with the control but only in biochar‐amended treatments were N concentrations more stable. Composted biochar showed significantly more black carbon content in topsoil, sampled some months after application, compared with all other treatments. We show that hydrochar is less suitable for long‐term C sequestration in comparison with biochar but has potential for soil amelioration because it delivers essential nutrients. On the other hand, biochar is richer in polyaromatic C than hydrochar and therefore is more stable in the long term. We assessed biochar stability using the black carbon analysis of the different soil samples.     

Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation

Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.     

黄土高原旱地保护性耕作农田土壤团聚体特性变化研究

以春玉米品种沈玉17为材料,设置保护性耕作（NT）、传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）和传统耕作（CT）3种耕作方式,通过多年定位试验,研究黄土高原旱塬地保护性耕作农田土壤有机质及团聚体特性的变化。结果表明,NT与TS和CT相比能显著提高土壤有机质含量。干筛法分析结果表明,0-30 cm深度,NT处理粒径〉0.25mm的大团聚体含量、平均重量直径（mean weight diameter,MWD）均显著高于TS和CT处理。湿筛法分析结果表明,水稳性团聚体MWD在0-10 cm深度为NT〉TS〉CT,处理间差异显著（P〈0.05）;0-20 cm深度,NT处理土壤团聚体破坏率均低于CT处理。保护性耕作能促进土壤团聚体的形成,提高团聚体的稳定性,而传统耕作则由于人为扰乱土层结构,降低了土壤团聚体数量和稳定性。     

小兴安岭不同类型沼泽湿地土壤碳氮分布特征

[目的]研究小兴安岭不同类型沼泽湿地土壤碳、氮含量。[方法]以小兴安岭3种不同沼泽湿地为对象,研究柴桦苔草沼泽湿地、毛赤杨沼泽湿地和2003年排水造林沼泽湿地土壤碳、氮含量。[结果]3种湿地土壤有机碳(SOC)含量均随土层深度的增加而呈逐渐递减趋势,SOC含量的平均值分别为241.35、141.05、75.89 g/kg。在0~40 cm土层中,SOC含量在不同湿地类型之间存在显著差异,柴桦苔草沼泽湿地最高,显著高于毛赤杨沼泽湿地和03排水造林沼泽湿地(P0.05)。柴桦苔草沼泽湿地、毛赤杨沼泽湿地及03排水造林沼泽湿地的全氮(TN)平均含量分别为22.88、23.69、9.22 g/kg,柴桦苔草沼泽湿地和毛赤杨沼泽湿地的TN含量显著高于03排水造林沼泽湿地(P0.05),分别是03排水造林沼泽湿地的2.48倍、2.57倍。微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量由高到低依次为柴桦苔草沼泽湿地、毛赤杨沼泽湿地、03排水造林沼泽湿地,土壤剖面MBC含量均随土层深度的增加而呈递减趋势,在0~10和10~20 cm土层中,柴桦苔草沼泽湿地MBC含量显著高于毛赤杨沼泽湿地和03排水造林沼泽湿地土壤的含量(P0.05),20~40 cm土层中,柴桦苔草沼泽湿地和毛赤杨沼泽湿地MBC含量显著高于03排水造林沼泽湿地(P0.05)。3种不同类型的沼泽湿地微生物量熵在0.21%~0.58%,土壤微生物量熵的垂直分布规律不明显。[结论]该研究有助于深入了解小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地碳动态及对排水的响应,为森林湿地生态系统碳循环机制研究提供科学依据。     

施肥对棕壤团聚体组成及团聚体中有机碳分布的影响

施用有机肥可以改进土壤的团聚体结构,增加土壤有机碳含量.采用湿筛法分离团聚体,通过测定各级团聚体中有机碳含量,分析施肥对棕壤团聚体分布和团聚体中有机碳含量的影响.结果表明：（1）耕作引起了富碳的大团聚体减少,贫碳的微团聚体增多,自然土壤＞250μm的团聚体显著高于施肥（OM和CK）处理,单位土壤团聚体的含量增加了约20%,而施肥处理微团聚体含量与自然土壤相比增加了约18%,微团聚体占绝对优势.（2）团聚体碳含量随着团聚体粒径的增加而增加,大团聚体有机碳含量比微团聚体碳含量增加9～28g·kg^-1.与不施肥处理（CK）相比,施有机肥（OM）增加了土壤中大团聚体的数量,促进了大团聚体的形成,并且显著增加了团聚体中有机碳的含量.（3）长期施用有机肥有利于表层土壤有机碳的固定,且新固定的碳主要集中在＞2000μm和2000～250 μm的团聚体中.     

县域土地利用变化的碳排放效应——以山西省洪洞县为例

[目的]为了分析土地利用变化对碳排放的影响,以洪洞县为例,研究分析县域尺度上土地利用变化的碳排放效应。[方法]选取2000,2010和2013年山西省洪洞县遥感影像,通过解译遥感影像,最终获得洪洞县的土地利用数据。采用碳排放估算模型,估算了洪洞县13a不同土地利用变化导致的碳排放效应。[结果]2000—2013年洪洞县的碳排放量呈现逐年增长的趋势,期间净碳排放放量共增加了6.12×105t。作为主要碳源汇——建设用地和林地,二者的面积不断增长,但建设用地带来的碳排放远超过林地所能吸收的量。洪洞县各个乡镇在这13a中的净碳排放空间差异变化明显。[结论]优化县域土地利用结构,能够有效地减轻碳排放问题。     

稳定同位素技术分析不同养殖方式下鳙饵料的贡献率

应用碳氮稳定同位素技术分析了不同养殖方式(A组:施肥;B组:施肥+1/2投饲;C组:施肥+投饲;D组:投饲)围隔中鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)肌肉碳氮稳定同位素变化情况,及其可能摄食饵料的贡献率。结果表明,A组鳙肌肉的δ13C和δ15N值分别为(–23.8±0.1)‰和(10.8±0.4)‰,显著高于B组、C组和D组的值(P0.05),后三者之间值没有显著差异。围隔中的食物源有浮游动物、颗粒有机物和饲料,它们的δ13C和δ15N值均低于消费者鳙的同位素值。3种食物在不同养殖方式下的贡献率不同,浮游动物是A组鳙的主要食物来源,平均贡献率为(65.6±3.2)%,饲料是另3个组鳙的主要食物来源,其中B组饲料的贡献率相对较大,达82.1%。说明投饲鳙后,鳙对饲料能够较好地吸收利用,但在池塘中同时培育天然饵料能有效提高饲料的贡献率,减少投饲量,降低残饵的污染。本研究旨为实践养殖中合理投饲鳙的管理技术提供理论依据。     

Impact of different beer yeasts on wheat dough and bread quality parameters

In order to investigate the impact of different yeast strains from the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the dough and bread quality parameters, wheat flour was fermented using different beer yeasts. The results show that beer yeast strains could be included in the baking process since S. cerevisiae T-58 and S. cerevisiae s-23 provided adequate gas production and dough formation with superior structural properties like extensibility and stickiness to S. cerevisiae baker's yeast. The resulting breads show the highest specific volume with the highest slice area and the highest number of cells and the lowest hardness over time. The different yeasts had also an impact on the crust colour due to their abilities to ferment different sugars and on shelf life due to the production of a range of different metabolic by-products. According to this study it was possible to produce higher quality bread by using yeast coming from the brewing industry, instead of bread containing standard baker's yeast.     

野油菜黄单胞菌中6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶注释基因的功能鉴定

6-磷酸海藻糖在微生物碳代谢调节及抗逆生理中起着极其重要的作用。在野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)8004菌株的基因组中,XC1076注释为6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶。利用突变和表型检测技术,对XC1076进行功能鉴定,结果显示,XC1076的Tn5gusA5插入突变体006B12,在含3%NaCl的NYGB培养基中生长明显缓慢,在含葡萄糖为惟一碳源的NCM培养基中几乎不能生长,反式互补能够基本恢复野生型表型,这说明XC1076与碳代谢调控和抗高渗有关。这些表型实验结果揭示,XC1076的ORF编码的蛋白具有6-磷酸海藻糖合成酶活性。致病生化因子检测显示,XC1076与Xcc胞外酶和胞外多糖的分泌无关。