亚热带不同林分土壤表层有机碳组成及其稳定性

在浙江临安玲珑山选取了常绿阔叶林、马尾松林、板栗林和雷竹林4种林分,采用传统的化学方法与固态13C核磁共振(NMR)技术研究其土壤有机碳在不同粒径土壤颗粒中的分布规律和结构特征,探讨林分类别和管理措施对土壤有机碳含量及其结构的影响,为亚热带地区森林固碳和土壤碳库管理提供科学依据.结果显示:(1)土壤表层(0-20 cm)有机碳含量按以下次序递减:雷竹林＞常绿阔叶林＞马尾松林＞板栗林,且板栗林以粉黏粒结合态碳为主,其他林分土壤则以粗砂结合态碳为主;(2)13C NMR结果表明,阔叶林和马尾松林土壤有机碳中烷基碳所占比例最大,而雷竹林和板栗林则是烷氧碳比例最大,表明人工经营措施改变了土壤有机碳的成分组成;(3)随着土壤颗粒变细,有机碳中烷基碳比例增加,烷氧碳比例减少,A/O-A值和疏水碳/亲水碳值逐渐增大,表明颗粒越细,其结合的有机碳结构稳定性越高.     

典型喀斯特山区林地乔木层碳储量动态研究--以重庆市酉阳土家族苗族自治县为例

在2012年重庆市森林资源二类调查实测数据和2002年调查资料的基础上,利用西南地区乔木层生物量和蓄积量回归模型,估算了酉阳林地近10年的碳储量动态,并按优势树种、林种、龄组、起源分类计算了各类乔木层的碳储量。结果表明,10年来酉阳林地总碳量呈显著增加趋势,其中杉木的碳储量增量最大,各龄组中中龄林碳储量增加最多。可见,酉阳林地植被是CO2的汇,且随着幼龄林的增长和人工林的发展,碳汇功能将不断上升。     

青钩栲人工林生态系统碳储量及其分配格局

对广西南宁良风江27年生青钩栲人工林生态系统的生物量尧碳密度尧碳储量及其空间分配特征进行了研究遥结果表明院青钩栲人工林不同器官的平均碳素密度为459.6~491.9 g/kg袁其含量由高到低依次为院枯枝>干>根兜>中根>粗根>大枝>细枝>细 根>叶袁青钩栲各器官的碳素密度存在显著差异曰青钩栲人工林生态系统中的碳储量表现为院土壤层>乔木层>灌木层>凋落物层>草本层曰土壤碳素密度随着深度的增加逐渐降低袁碳素含量主要集中在0~40 cm的土层曰青钩栲人工林生态系统的碳储量为206.96t/hm2袁其中乔木层占39.61%袁灌木层占2.53%袁草本层占0.14%袁凋落物层占0.54%袁土壤层占57.18%曰乔木层中树干的碳储量最高袁为43.24 t/hm2袁占总碳储量的20.89%曰青钩栲人工林每年的净生产力为21.51 t/hm2袁净固碳量为8.80 t/hm2袁净碳素积累量为3.05 t/hm2袁有较好的碳汇潜力遥     

保护性耕作模式对黑土有机碳含量和密度的影响

以公主岭市长期（10 a）保护性耕作定位试验为研究对象,分析与传统耕作模式相比的几种保护性耕作模式对黑土固碳效应的影响。共设4种耕作模式,即秋翻秋耙匀垄、秋灭茬匀垄、全面旋耕深松和宽窄行交替休闲（又叫松带、苗带交替休闲）（后3种视为保护性耕作）。结果表明,经过10 a的耕作试验,不同的耕作模式对土壤有机碳有显著的影响。表层0～20 cm秋翻秋耙匀垄和秋灭茬匀垄模式的土壤有机碳含量最低,深层30～50 cm全面旋耕深松模式的土壤有机碳质量分数显著低于其他耕作模式13.49%～25.14%;0～50 cm耕层     

黄花甸子流域人工林土壤有机碳密度分布特征

【目的】分析内蒙古黄花甸子流域不同人工林土壤有机碳密度分布特征,为该地区人工林生态系统的碳汇管理提供理论依据。【方法】以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗黄花甸子流域内山杏×油松混交林、山杏林、小叶杨林、柠条林4种典型人工林为研究对象,选取典型样区,探讨了0~100cm土层不同林分土壤有机碳密度的变化。【结果】4种林分土壤平均有机碳密度为0.85~1.07kg/m2;土壤有机碳密度呈现出混交林明显高于纯林,乔木林明显高于灌木林的特征,土壤平均有机碳密度由大到小表现为山杏×油松混交林山杏林小叶杨林柠条林。土壤有机碳富集在0~20cm土层中,并随土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳密度明显降低。【结论】在研究区的造林实践中,建议增加混交林造林面积,减少人类活动对森林表层土壤的干扰和破坏。     

Dominant sources of dietary carbon and nitrogen for shrimp reared in extensive rice-shrimp ponds

Stable isotope analysis was used to determine the sources of dietary nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) for shrimp during the rearing phase in extensive rice‐shrimp ponds in My Xuyen and Gia Rai districts, Vietnam. Farm‐made feed was added as a food source in shrimp ponds in My Xuyen district, and based on stable isotope analyses, was generally a poor dietary source. The commercial formulated feed used in Gia Rai also appeared to contribute little directly to the nutritional needs of the shrimp. In contrast, the natural biota in all ponds appeared to contribute substantially. In particular, biota from beam trawls and benthic organic matter were the most likely sources of nutrition in My Xuyen ponds, while benthic organic matter was the main source in Gia Rai ponds. δ¹⁵N ratios in the natural biota in My Xuyen farms decreased over the growing season, suggesting increased N fixation in the case of the benthic organic matter reaching values as low as 1‰. This suggests N‐limitation in the ponds and that natural biota become increasingly dependent on N fixed by algae and/or other microorganisms. There is the potential to promote the growth of the plankton and hence, the other natural biota, by the judicious addition of fertilizer.     

Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.     

活性炭吸附汽油机冷起动HC排放的实验

为控制汽油机的冷起动HC排放,开发了一个活性炭吸附器,用于吸附车用汽油机冷起动阶段排放的HC。吸附材料采用煤质蜂窝状定型活性炭块,吸附器外表面用薄钢板焊接封装,整个吸附器串接在排气管上。进行汽油机冷起动排放实验,测量起动后200s内的HC排放量,实验结果表明,在冷却水温度为20U、40℃、60℃和85℃时,活性炭吸附器对HC的吸附率分别达到86．64％、70．34％、79．69％、77．45％。     

木质素基碳点和石墨烯量子点制备方法研究进展

碳点(CDs)和石墨烯量子点(GQDs)由于结构稳定、环境友好、水分散性和生物相容性良好、易于功能化改性和可光致发光等优点已成为备受关注的零维碳纳米材料,有望广泛应用于生化指示、生物医学、储能、显示器件和催化等前沿领域.近年来,相比于传统的化石燃料基化合物,来自可再生生物质的木质素及其衍生物不仅价廉易得、活性基团丰富,...     

面向多类型土壤有机碳定量反演的天基高光谱探测参数研究

星载高光谱仪器的光谱通道以及光谱分辨率和信噪比等核心参数设置直接影响土壤有机碳定量反演精度。本研究开展了卫星载荷光谱分辨率、信噪比、光谱特征波段对不同土壤类型有机碳反演影响的研究,提出了基于大气传输模型、光谱分辨率分析模型、信噪比分析模型、特征波段的提取分析模型以及偏最小二乘回归反演模型的面向不同土壤类型有机碳监测的高光谱卫星“地面–大气–仪器–观测–反演”全链路仿真分析方法,实现了土壤类型、大气效应、仪器特性参数、反演方法的耦合影响分析。结果表明：①3种类型土壤有机碳反演的最佳光谱分辨率均在10~20 nm。②不同土壤类型对观测的信噪比需求不同。对于Phaeozem的有机碳监测,较另外两种土壤有更高的信噪比需求。③在不同特征波段提取分析方法下所需的最佳光谱分辨率和信噪比一致。不同类型土壤光谱数据提取出的特征波段不同,其中反演效果最佳的土壤类型为Chernozem,特征波段数为26个,R²=0.826 5,RMSE=3.438 9 g/kg。④反演模型与仪器特性参数无耦合关系,同一类型土壤不同反演算法的最佳光谱分辨率和信噪比需求一致。⑤Chernozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率15 nm,信噪比大于506.66,特征波段提取数为26个;Kastanozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率17 nm,信噪比大于331.42,特征波段提取数为22个;Phaeozem有机碳最佳反演参数需求为光谱分辨率15 nm,信噪比大于432.51,特征波段提取数为19个。