中国生态农业制度的构建

中国生态农业的制度构建可以分为指导如何进行生态农业建设的农业绿色行动清单制度和指导如何认定生态农业的生态农业认证制度。生态农业认证制度主要考察农业表现出来的结果是否符合资源匹配、生态友好、环境保护和食品安全等关键判别标准。农业绿色行动清单则是指导开展生态农业建设时,对农业生态系统结构、功能、输入和输出实施有效调控的一系列可选择措施。生态农业制度的构建需要遵循原则清晰、指标简洁、因地制宜、操作容易、激励有效、核查方便的方法。文章论述了生态农业认证制度构建的指标体系、核查方法、信息公开、诚信记录、激励措施、认证程序等,还探讨了农业绿色行动清单制度的分类系统、内容表述、经济支持和运行程序等。     

外源腐解微生物的物种组合对土壤微生物群落结构及代谢活性的影响

本文采用饲料类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus pabuli,P)、深红紫链霉菌(Streptomyces violaceorubidus,S)和黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride,T),组合构建了3种单菌剂(P、S和T)、3种两菌种复合菌剂(PT、PS和ST)及1种3菌种复合菌剂(PST),并将之添加到红壤中,监测各菌剂添加后土壤总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)量、特征微生物PLFAs百分含量、土壤呼吸速率及总代谢熵的变化,旨在探明外源腐解微生物的物种组合对土壤微生物群落结构和代谢活性的影响,进而为优化有机物分解菌剂种群配置提供参考。结果显示,添加单菌剂的P、S和T处理及添加两菌种复合菌剂的PT和PS处理,土壤微生物生物量显著增加,增幅17.2%~121.6%(P0.05)。添加外源腐解微生物后,各处理的土壤微生物群落的细菌百分含量基本稳定在79.6%~83.1%,真菌百分含量显著增加8.8%~50.6%;而放线菌百分含量除P和ST处理外,其他处理显著降低9.4%~69.8%。PLFAs数据的主成分分析表明,各外源菌剂处理与CK处理间的群落结构变异由小到大依次为:接种单菌剂的P、S和T处理,接种两菌种复合菌剂的PT、PS和ST处理,接种3菌种复合菌剂的PST处理。添加单菌剂的P、T处理以及添加两菌种复合菌剂的ST处理,在短期内影响了土壤微生物的对数生长,使土壤呼吸速率的峰值分别提高48.7%、53.7%和78.7%;且外源腐解微生物组合的物种数量越多,土壤微生物进入潜伏期所需的时间越长。从外源腐解微生物对土壤肥力的长期影响来看,两菌种复合菌剂ST的添加使土壤微生物代谢活性提高28.9%,因此该处理的土壤碳矿化量增加11.1%;添加单菌剂的S处理使土壤微生物代谢活性显著降低32.4%,因此该处理的土壤碳矿化量仅降低7.3%;而添加两菌种复合菌剂的PS处理和3菌种复合菌剂的PST处理,在保持代谢活性不变的情况下,其土壤碳矿化量也降低5.8%~8.7%,其原因有待进一步研究。综上所述,外源腐解微生物的添加会改变土壤微生物的群落结构及其生长轨迹,且随外源腐解微生物组合的物种数量增多这一干扰程度越大,而土壤微生物代谢活性与外源腐解微生物组合的物种数量无显著相关性。     

Changes in local species richness of farmland birds in relation to land-use changes and landscape structure

It has been suggested that an increase in the area of low-intensity land-use on arable land (e.g. set-aside fields and short-rotation coppice), and high or increased farmland habitat heterogeneity, may halt or reverse the observed population decline of farmland birds. We tested these hypotheses by undertaking farmland bird censuses during two contrasting periods of agricultural policies and land-use (i.e. 1994 and 2004) in a farmland region covering a gradient of forest- to farmland-dominated landscapes in Sweden. Local species richness (i.e. at 3 hectare sites) declined significantly between 1994 and 2004. Local species richness was positively related to habitat heterogeneity in both years of study whereas temporal change in species richness was not. Local change in species richness was positively associated with a change in the proportion of non-rotational set aside and short-rotation coppice (i.e. low-intensity land-use forms), but also to changes in the amount of spring-sown crops. However, the effect of low-intensity land-use was significantly dependent on the amount of forest in the surrounding landscape. An increase in low-intensity land-use was linked to an increase (or less marked decrease) in species richness at sites located in open farmland surroundings but to a decrease in richness at sites located in forest surroundings. This interaction between amount of forest and low-intensity land-use could be interpreted as a “rare habitat effect”, where an increase in a farmland habitat only positively affects biodiversity when it was originally uncommon (i.e. open farmland areas). Our results suggest that conservation measures of farmland biodiversity have to be put in a landscape context.     

Predicting loss and fragmentation of habitat of the vulnerable subtropical rainforest tree Macadamia integrifolia with models developed from compiled ecological data

Habitat models are widely used in ecology, however there are relatively few studies of rare species, primarily because of a paucity of survey records and lack of robust means of assessing accuracy of modelled spatial predictions. We investigated the potential of compiled ecological data in developing habitat models for Macadamia integrifolia, a vulnerable mid-stratum tree endemic to lowland subtropical rainforests of southeast Queensland, Australia. We compared performance of two binomial models—Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Generalised Additive Models (GAM)—with Maximum Entropy (MAXENT) models developed from (i) presence records and available absence data and (ii) developed using presence records and background data. The GAM model was the best performer across the range of evaluation measures employed, however all models were assessed as potentially useful for informing in situ conservation of M. integrifolia, A significant loss in the amount of M. integrifolia habitat has occurred (p < 0.05), with only 37% of former habitat (pre-clearing) remaining in 2003. Remnant patches are significantly smaller, have larger edge-to-area ratios and are more isolated from each other compared to pre-clearing configurations (p < 0.05). Whilst the network of suitable habitat patches is still largely intact, there are numerous smaller patches that are more isolated in the contemporary landscape compared with their connectedness before clearing. These results suggest that in situ conservation of M. integrifolia may be best achieved through a landscape approach that considers the relative contribution of small remnant habitat fragments to the species as a whole, as facilitating connectivity among the entire network of habitat patches.     

可再生能源分布式发电系统的经济调度

对可再生能源分布式发电系统进行经济调度研究,可以在保证能量需求的前提下,使得系统的运行成本和环境污染降到最小,从而更加高效地利用可再生能源。针对由光伏发电、风力发电、燃料电池（FC）、柴油机（DE）、蓄电池等多种分布式电源和储能单元组成的分布式发电系统,在详细分析各单元数学模型的基础上,建立了可再生能源发电系统经济调度的目标函数和调度策略,并采用优先顺序法对目标函数进行求解,算例系统验证了模型和算法的正确性。结果表明,该文提出的方法为可再生能源发电系统中各发电单元的优化调度及经济组合提供了参考。     

西南山地不同林下经济模式对植物多样性的影响

以西南山地桉树林下养禽(T1)、桉树林下养食用菌(T2)、麻竹林下养禽(T3)、麻竹林下养食用菌(T4)、马尾松林下养畜(T5)、黄葛树林下种草(T6)6种典型林下经济模式为研究对象,采用相邻样地比较法对各模式下植物群落的物种重要值(P)、丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(Jw)、Alatalo优势度指数(Ea)、相似性指数Jaccard(Cj)和Sorenson(Cs)以及多样性阈值(Dv)进行调查分析,探讨不同林下经济模式对植物多样性的影响。结果表明:T6模式下植物种类最丰富,为11种;而T3和T4模式下植物种类最少,仅有2种。各经济模式均无灌木层,草本层为群落优势层。空心莲子草是T1和T2模式的优势种,重要值分别为67.16%和71.00%;桑树是T3和T4的优势种,重要值高达74.91%和72.82%;T5和T6优势种分别是竹叶草(54.10%)和牛鞭草(59.51%)。在不同林下经济模式中,植物丰富度指数(S)依次为T6T1T5=T2T3=T4,多样性指数H′呈T6T1T5T2T4T3,均匀度Jw呈T5T6T2T1T4T3,优势度指数Ea呈T5T4T3T2T1T6。林下经济模式与相应的纯林对照物种组成相似性指数,以T3和T4最高,Cj和Cs均为1.0;其次是T6,Cj和Cs分别为0.44和0.62;T1最小,Cj和Cs分别为0.15和0.27。植物多样性阈值评价结果显示,T6模式植物多样性阈值最高,属于多样性较好类型;而T3和T4模式多样性阈值最低,属于一般类型。林下种养殖改变了植物群落的物种组成,且不同种养殖方式影响结果不同,其中以林草模式影响最小,为林地干扰下植物群落最丰富的模式。     

Using community observations to predict the occurrence of malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) in the Western Australian wheatbelt

The Malleefowl is a ground-dwelling bird species that has declined in distribution and abundance in Australia since European settlement. These declines have been exacerbated in the Western Australian wheatbelt by the extensive clearing of native vegetation for agricultural development. A wealth of opportunistic, presence-only data exists for this species but absence data required for distribution modelling is lacking. This situation is typical of many species distribution datasets. We sought to establish the distribution of malleefowl within the Western Australian wheatbelt (210 000 km²) and their choice of habitat within this broad region. We supplemented a large presence-only dataset of malleefowl sightings with absence data derived from a bird atlas scheme and used these data to effectively predict the distribution of the species for the wheatbelt using a combined GAM/GLM approach. Both datasets were derived largely from community sightings. The distribution of malleefowl within the Western Australian wheatbelt was associated with landscapes that had lower rainfall, greater amounts of mallee and shrubland that occur as large remnants, and, lighter soil surface textures. This study illustrates how community knowledge, coupled with solid ecological understanding, can play a key role in developing the knowledge base to inform conservation and management of species in agricultural landscapes.     

基于改进型广义Hough变换的茄子果实位姿识别方法

以茄子果实为例,提出一种基于改进型广义Hough变换的空间物体位置和姿态的识别方法。在已知图形的参数表制作阶段添加缩放和旋转运算,扩大样本的代表范围;采用“形状相似度”的方法初选待识图形的缩放索引和旋转索引,缩小了搜索范围;适当提高梯度索引步长,避免参考点在累加器中的排布过于分散,便于确定最终参考点坐标。试验表明：改进型广义Hough变换对茄子大、小目标的深度恢复误差分别减小了4.0和7.9个百分点,说明该方法对空间不同位姿、部分遮挡情况下茄子果实的识别具有良好的效果。     

规模化稻鸭生态种养对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响

为探索规模稻鸭生态种养稻田杂草群落的变化动态,运用植物群落生态的方法研究了规模稻鸭生态种养、常规稻鸭生态种养和水稻单一种植稻田杂草的群落变化特点及控草效果。结果表明:规模稻鸭生态种养杂草密度显著降低,与水稻单一种植比较防效为94%;水稻分蘖到孕穗期稻田杂草主要由看麦娘(Alopecuruspratensis)、稗草(Echinochhloa crausgalli)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、鸭舌草(Mouochoria vaginalis)、水竹叶(Murdannia triquetra)和鳢肠(Eclipta prostrata)组成,抽穗期到成熟期主要由水花生、稗草、狗牙根和水竹叶组成。研究还表明,规模稻鸭生态种养水稻分蘖期物种丰富度、Simpon指数、Shannon-Wiener指数略高于水稻单一种植,Pielou指数低于水稻单一种植;孕穗期到成熟期物种丰富度、Simpon指数、Shannon-Wiener指数低于水稻单一种植,Pielou指数显著高于水稻单一种植。水稻全生育期规模稻鸭生态种养与常规稻鸭生态种养比较稻田杂草密度、杂草生物量和多样性指数差异不显著,但杂草生物多样性指数略有提高。说明规模稻鸭生态种养显著改变稻田杂草的群落结构和组成,可抑制杂草发生危害,达到有效控草目的。     

Impact threshold for an alien plant invader, Lantana camara L., on native plant communities

Alien plant invaders significantly threaten native community diversity, although it is poorly understood whether invasion initiates a linear or non-linear loss of resident species. Where low abundances of an invader have little impact on native species diversity, then a threshold level may exist, above which native communities rapidly decline. Our aim was to assess the broadscale effects of an alien thicket-forming shrub, lantana (Lantana camara L.), on wet sclerophyll forest in southeastern Australia. Vascular plant species richness, abundance and composition were measured and compared along a gradient of lantana invasion. There was a strong negative non-linear relationship between native species richness and lantana cover, indicative of an impact threshold. Native species richness remained stable below 75% lantana cover, but declined rapidly above this threshold level, leading to compositional change. Thus, sparse lantana infestations had evidently little effect on the resident community, with impacts elicited at an advanced stage of invasion. The impact of lantana was pervasive, with all major structural groups (i.e. ferns, herbs, shrubs, trees and vines) exhibiting significant species losses; however, the rate of species loss was relatively greater for tree and shrub species, signalling a shift in vegetation structure from tall open forest to low, dense lantana-dominated shrubland. Potentially, broadscale conservation of species diversity could be achieved by maintaining lantana infestations below the 75% cover impact threshold at sites containing regionally common species that are also widely represented in non-invaded vegetation. This would enable targeted invader eradication at sites of high conservation value (i.e. those containing regionally rare species or endangered ecological communities).