海南八门湾红树林丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性

调查了海南八门湾8种红树植物根际丛枝菌根真菌物种资源的分布。结果表明:8种红树均被丛枝菌根真菌侵染,但侵染程度各不相同;经初步分离、鉴定,共确定丛枝菌根真菌4属16种:分别为无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)6种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)2种,球囊霉属(Glomus)7种,Fuscutata 1种。其中球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为优势属,首次在红树植物根际分离到巨孢囊霉属和Fuscutata两属真菌,Fuscutata savannicola为我国丛枝菌根真菌新记录种。     

祁连圆柏林地不同除草方式对杂草群落及其多样性的影响

在甘肃省张掖市龙渠祁连圆柏林内采用群落生态学方法研究了化学除草、人工除草及化学除草+人工除草对祁连圆柏林杂草群落及其多样性的影响。结果表明,化学除草试验区杂草为5科15种,人工除草试验区杂草为9科20种,化学除草+人工除草试验区杂草为6科16种,对照区杂草为14科30种。化学除草处理区的杂草物种丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数最低,人工除草处理区最高,表明化学除草对祁连圆柏林杂草多样性的影响最大。在祁连圆柏林地防除杂草,采取化学除草+人工除草的方式比较适宜。     

渤海主要生物种间关系及食物网的研究↑（*）

根据１９９２年－１９９３年渤海增殖生态基础调查大面定点底拖网试捕的渔获物，对渤海２７种鱼类和１０种虾蟹类的３８０１个胃含物样品进行了分析，并与１０年前渤海鱼类的食性进行了比较。结果表明：蓝点马鲛、小黄鱼和白姑鱼等主要捕食鱼类胃含物中鱼的比例较１０年前明显增加，鱼类的食性类型无明显变化。渤海低级肉食性鱼类的营养级由１９８２－１９８３年的平均２．４上升为２．５，中、高级肉食性鱼类的营养级分别由原来的平均３．２和３．８降为２．８和３．３。渤海主要鱼类之间饵料重叠系数大于０．６的占１５％。鱼为渤海多数中、高级肉食性鱼类的主要摄食对象。     

古尔班通古特沙漠人工梭梭林群落生态特征研究

为探究古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾地区33年来人工梭梭林群落(依靠天然降水)的生态特征,本文对两种造林技术(积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林)人工梭梭林地梭梭的长势、草本植物、土壤水分进行了调查和监测。结果表明:(1)积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林梭梭至今生长良好,目前植株高度和冠幅均大于2 m和2 m~2,当年新生枝条长度均大于20 cm;初始造林梭梭存活率较高,分别为40%和63%;经过自然更新,现有密度均有所提高,人工林形成异龄复层混交林,林下生长有不同优势种的草本植物;土壤含水量均2.00%,能够满足梭梭生长。(2)由于两种造林技术的土地处理方式和初期水分供给量不同,导致两种林地梭梭生长、林下草本植物盖度和多样性以及天然更新梭梭植株数量均有很大差异,整体秋灌造林地的状况优于积雪-客沙造林地。(3)两种造林技术对于当地生态条件均有很好的适应性,虽然积雪-客沙造林密度相对较低,但优于自然植被状况,且造林成本低;秋灌造林密度较大,天然更新植株数量较多,但造林成本高,后期生长较缓慢,需要采取一定的人工措施调整密度。综上可知,积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林梭梭目前生长均较稳定,后者对该区生态条件适应性更强。     

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two mountain meadows with differing management types and levels of plant biodiversity

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analysed in two differently managed mountain grasslands in Thuringia (Germany). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were studied in the roots of 18 dominant plant species from a total of 56 (32%). Additionally, spores of AMF were isolated from soil samples. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species composition was analysed based on 96 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, 72 originated from mycorrhizal roots, and 24 originated from AMF spores. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a total of 19 AMF species representing all genera of the Glomeromycota except Scutellospora and Pacispora. Despite a different farming intensity, resulting in remarkable differences concerning their plant species diversity (27 against 43 plant species), the diversity of AMF was found to be similar with 11 species on the intensively farmed meadow and ten species on the extensively farmed one. Nevertheless, species composition between both sites was clearly different. It thus seems likely that the AMF species composition, but not necessarily the species number, is related to above ground plant biodiversity in the system under study.     

水产种质资源地理信息系统设计与实观

水产种质资源地理信息系统是为了实现水产种质资源数据共享而开发的一个C/S模式共享平台。采用VB＋MapX的二次开发方式，实现了空间数据与属性数据互相查询、数据管理以及报表输出等功能，另外还绘制了水产物种地理的分布图和水系分布图。     

藠头与日本肯定列表略论

通过调查分析,结合实地考查,对藠头产业应对日本"肯定列表制度"进行了系统的分析和总结,并提出了相关建议。     

Linking habitat suitability and seed dispersal models in order to analyse the effectiveness of hydrological fen restoration strategies

The effectiveness of measures targeted at the restoration of populations of endangered species in anthropogenically dominated regions is often limited by a combination of insufficient restoration of habitat quality and dispersal failure. Therefore, the joint prediction of suitable habitat and seed dispersal in dependency of management actions is required for effective nature management. Here we demonstrate an approach, which links a habitat suitability and a seed dispersal model. The linked model describes potential species distribution as a function of current species distribution, species-specific dispersal traits, the number of successful dispersal events, dispersal infrastructure and habitat configuration. The last two variables were related to water management actions. We demonstrate the applicability of the model in a strategy analysis of hydrological restoration measures for a large fen area in which still numerous endangered plant species grow.With the aid of the linked model, we were able to optimise the spatial planning of restoration measures, taking into account both the constraints of water management practices on abiotic restoration and the effects of habitat fragmentation on dispersal. Moreover, we could demonstrate that stand-alone habitat suitability models, which assume unlimited dispersal, may considerably overestimate restoration prospects. For these reasons, we conclude that linked habitat suitability and dispersal models can provide useful insights into spatially differentiated potentials and constraints of nature restoration measures targeted at the sustainable conservation of endangered plant populations whose habitats have been deteriorated due to undesirable effects of land and water management on abiotic conditions. These insights may contribute to the design of cost-effective nature restoration and conservation measures.     

The future of tropical species in secondary forests: A quantitative review

Deforestation and degradation of tropical old-growth forests has the potential to cause catastrophic species extinctions. In this review, we assess whether regenerating secondary forests (SF) can support species typically found in old-growth forest (OG) and so prevent extinctions. We review 65 studies that compare faunal diversity in SF and corresponding OG, and compare the similarity of species composition both within and between these two forest types using the Sorensen, Morisita-Horn and Sorensen-Chao indices. Comparisons between traditional similarity indices and Sorensen-Chao, which minimizes sampling biases, indicated that limited sampling effort consistently reduced apparent similarity between SF and OG and that similarity between SF and OG is actually higher than previously appreciated. Similarity, which ranges from 0 to 1, varied from 0.49 to 0.92 between replicate OG sites and was correlated with similarity between SF and OG. This correlation might be an artefact of variation among studies in sampling effort, especially for vertebrates where small samples reduce apparent similarity across all comparisons, as well as a real effect of variation among studies in landscape heterogeneity and the presence of species with patchy distributions. Therefore, similarity between SF and OG cannot be interpreted without an understanding of background variation in OG. Similarity between different SF sites provided no evidence that disturbance specialists dominate SF. Similarity to OG increased rapidly with SF age; when SF was contiguous with OG; when SF was growing in small clearings; and after low intensity land uses including clearing only, shifting agriculture and tree plantations. This describes the most frequently observed tropical SF; isolated from roads and on hilly terrain unsuitable for mechanized agriculture. Thus, our analyses indicate that tropical SF can play an important role in biodiversity conservation particularly when OG forests are nearby. An important caveat remains, however. Abundance, geographic range and levels of habitat specialization are often related. Widespread, abundant, habitat generalists might dominate similarity analyses even when relatively rare OG specialists are present. Additional species-level analyses of habitat specialization will be needed before the conservation value of tropical SF is fully understood.     

贵州省关岭县和惠水县农业外来入侵植物调查与分析

贵州省地处中国西南地区,是生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,亦是受外来入侵物种威胁的重灾区之一。全面摸清外来入侵植物的发生种类及分布情况,可为外来入侵植物的预防预警和综合治理提供科学依据,提升外来物种入侵防控能力。本研究以贵州省中部的关岭布依族苗族自治县和中南部的惠水县为调查点,采用样方法对关岭县74个样点和惠水县64个样点进行实地调查,明确外来入侵植物种类、统计发生生境及分布频数等分布格局信息,并通过查阅文献分析其原产地、生活型等特征。结果表明,两个县共发现24科56种农业外来入侵植物,其中菊科物种占绝对优势（关岭占比29.55%,惠水占比33.33%）,其次是苋科（关岭13.64%,惠水11.11%）、豆科（关岭6.82%,惠水6.67%）、茄科（关岭6.82%,惠水4.44%）,并以一年生草本植物（关岭80.85%,惠水86.96%）为主。本研究首次在贵州省发现了逃逸至野外的柳叶马鞭草和粉绿狐尾藻自然繁殖种群,确证了其入侵特性。紫茎泽兰、三叶鬼针草、一年蓬、水花生、小飞蓬、野老鹳草、粗毛牛膝菊等广泛分布于调查样点,为两县的主要恶性外来入侵植物。农业外来入侵植物已适应当地的各种生态环境,并主要分布于荒地、农田、路边等人为干扰频繁生境,对当地的农业生态环境、人类活动和自然生态系统造成了威胁。两县外来入侵植物种类多、分布范围广、适应性强、繁殖速度快、繁殖能力强,建议尽快系统性摸清贵州省的农业外来入侵植物种类及危害程度,并加强对恶性外来入侵物种的监测和扩散动态趋势研究,为农业外来入侵植物的预防预警和综合治理提供科学依据。