Field compaction at different soil-water status: effects on pore size distribution and soil water characteristics of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Western Cuba

The level of compaction induced on cultivated fields through trafficking is strongly influenced by the prevailing soil-water status and, depending on the attendant soil degradation, vital soil hydraulic processes could be affected. Therefore, understanding the relationship between field soil-water status and the corresponding level of induced compaction for a given load is considered an imperative step toward a better control of the occurrence of traffic-induced field soil compaction. Pore size distribution, a fundamental and highly degradable soil property, was measured in a Rhodic Ferralsol, the most productive and extensively distributed soil in Western Cuba, to study the effects of three levels of soil compaction on soil water characteristic parameters. Soil bulk density and cone penetration index were used to measure compaction levels established by seven passes of a 10 Mg tractor at three soil-water statuses corresponding to the plastic (Fs), friable (Fc) and relatively dry soil (Ds) consistency states. Pore size distribution calculated from soil water characteristic curves was classified into three pore size categories on the basis of their hydraulic functioning: >50 μm (f_>50 μm), 50–0.5 μm (f_{50–0.5 μm}) and <0.5 μm (f_<0.5 μm). The greatest compaction levels were attained in the Fs and Fc soil water treatments, and a significant contribution to compaction was attributed to the existing soil water states under which the soil compaction was accomplished. Average cone index (CI) values in the range of 2.93–3.70 MPa reflected the accumulation of f_<0.5 μm pores, and incurred severe reductions in the volume of f_>50 μm pores in the Fs and Fc treatments, while an average CI value of 1.69 MPa indicated increments in the volume of f_{50–0.5 μm} in the Ds treatment. Despite the differential effects of soil compaction on the distribution of the different pore size categories, soil total porosity (f_Total) was not effective in reflecting treatment effects. Soil water desorption at the soil water potentials evaluated (0.0 to −15,000 cm H₂O) was adversely affected in the f_<0.5 μm dominated treatments; strong soil water retention was observed with the predominance of f_<0.5 μm, as was confirmed by the high water content at plant wilting point. Based on these findings, the use of field capacity water content as the upper limit of plant available soil water was therefore considered inappropriate for compacted soils.     

源于松针的可溶性有机物对土壤多环芳烃吸附和解吸行为的影响研究

Study of the relationship between plant litter-derived dissolved organic matter（DOM） and organic pollutant transport in soil is important for understanding the role of forest litter carbon cycling in influencing pollutant behaviour and fate in forest soil.With the aim of providing insight into the capacity of plant litter-derived DOM to influence sorption and desorption of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） on soil, batch experiments were carried out with application of a sorption-desorption model incorporating DOM effects. Freshly fallen pine（Pinus elliottii） needles were used as the source of organic matter. Input of the pine needle litter-derived DOM was found to significantly decrease desorption hysteresis as well as soil adsorption capacity of phenanthrene（PHE） and fluoranthene（FLA）. Addition of 1 728 mg L-1dissolved organic carbon（DOC） lowered the organic carbon-normalized sorption distribution coefficient of PHE from 7 776 to 2 541 L kg-1C and of FLA from 11 503 to 4 368 L kg-1C. Decreases of the apparent sorption-desorption distribution coefficients of PHE and FLA with increased DOC concentration indicated that DOM favored desorption of PAHs from soil. Increases in the fraction of apparently dissolved PAHs were attributable to the dissolved PAH-DOM complexes, accounting for the dissolved proportions of 39% to 69% for PHE and 26% to 72% for FLA in the sorption and desorption processes as the concentration of the added DOM solution rose from 0 to 1 728 mg L-1. Our results suggest that pine needle litterderived DOM can have a substantial effect of inhibiting PAHs sorption and promoting PAHs desorption, thus leading to enhanced leaching in soil, which should be taken into account in risk assessment of PAHs accumulated in forest soil.     

某再生铅工业园周边土壤重金属的空间分布及来源分析

基于表层土壤重金属的实测含量,运用多元统计和地统计相结合的方法,对某再生铅工业园周边土壤重金属的分布情况和来源进行分析。结果表明,再生铅工业园周边土壤中Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的几何平均含量分别为124.05、0.394、21.18、82.72、24.23、35.47、62.04 mg/kg。其中Pb、Cd、As分别是背景值的4.96、2.90、1.84倍,其余重金属元素含量与土壤背景值相当。重金属Pb、Cd在临近工业园区域含量较大,以工业园为中心呈岛状空间分布,且在工业园东部呈扩散趋势;As在周边农田中具有一定的累积量。来源分析表明,土壤中Pb、Cd主要受工业园生产活动的影响,而As则可能受到农业生产活动的影响。     

The Relationship Between Vegetation Characteristics and Altitudes in Transitional Permafrost Zone in Xidatan,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Many studies showed that permafrost has profound influence on alpine ecosystem. However, former researches were mainly focused on typical points by temporal scales. There were few studies about the correlation between vegetation characteristics and different altitudes covering a large region in spatial pattern, especially in transitional permafrost(TP). There were continuous permafrost(CP) discontinuous permafrost(DCP) and seasonal frozen ground(SFG) in this study region. The types of permafrost changed from SFG to DCP, and finally become CP as the altitudes of Xidatan increase. In this paper, 112 845 points interpreted by HJ1-B(environment and disaster monitoring and prediction small satellite constellation), vegetation investigation points, thawing layer thickness research sites, ground temperature and water content observation plots were used to examine the spatial pattern of vegetation which were located in different altitudes in Xidatan, a typical TP region, in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation characteristics, soil moisture content(SMC) and thaw depths were collected in 15 August to 25 August2012. Characteristics of vegetation were mainly represented by fractional vegetation cover(FVC) derived from the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), as well as above ground biomass(AGB). In this paper, we analyzed that the distinction of vegetation characteristics in each range through statistics data. These ranges were divided by varied altitudes. For examples, the ranges were divided into 50 m or 100 m. In this study we use a large area plots method to further discuss the relationship between the features of vegetation and the different regions of permafrost based on altitudes shifts in Xidatan. A diagram described the vegetation characteristics variability with rising altitudes in transitional permafrost region was drawn in this paper. Our results illustrated the FVCs first increased in SFG region and then decreased in DCP zone slowly, and in CP region FVCs soared then dropped dramatically. With the altitudes increased, the curve of FVCs indicated a parabolic distribution except a little difference in the first 200 m range.     

肌细胞增强因子2B基因在人和动物中的研究进展

肌细胞增强因子2B(MEF2B)基因属于肌细胞增强因子2(MEF2)基因家族成员,广泛表达于人和动物的肌肉和神经组织中,在肌肉生成、神经系统发育和分化、肝脏纤维化等方面具有重要的作用,作者从MEF2B基因的结构、组织分布、生物学功能及研究进展等方面对该基因进行了综述.     

中国荞麦优势区域布局与发展研究

荞麦是重要的粮食作物和药用植物资源，也中国传统的出口农产品。通过分析中国荞麦生产现状、优势与分布特点，按照荞麦优势区域布局规划原则和指导思想，进行荞麦优势区域布局研究，坚持以市场为导向，以提高荞麦国际市场竞争力为核心，以科技创新与推广为动力，通过品种改良、结构优化、改善品质，强化市场营销，构建具有中国特色的荞麦产业发展体系。提出通过建立荞麦出口生产基地，增加科技投入，培育龙头企业等措施促进中国荞麦产业发展。研究结果对发展中西部特色农业和主产区农民致富具有重要意义。     

我国南方部分地区实蝇记述及2种中国新记录

1980～1988年,曾用地中海实蝇、瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇(Trimedlure,Cuelure 和 Methy eugonol)性引诱剂,和野外采果相结合的办法,进行了实蝇的调查,所采集的标本,已鉴定出16种,其名称是;桔小实蝇、芒果实蝇、番石榴实蝇、辣椒实蝇、颜带实蝇、鳄梨实蝇、瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇、颜黑纹实蝇、具条实蝇、拟具条实蝇、腹眼实蝇、二态实蝇、蜜柑大实蝇、桔大实蝇和黑肩光顶实蝇.内鳄梨实蝇和腹眼实蝇2种为中国新记录.在这次调查中,未发现地中海实蝇(Ceratitiscapitata Wied.)。     

洋河小流域土地利用景观空间格局垂直变化

以洋河小流域为研究对象,在地理信息系统软件MapGIS和arcview3.3以及景观格局分析软件fragstats的支持下,选取斑块类型面积、分形维数、多样性、均匀度、优势度、蔓延度、散布与并列等指标,对洋河小流域土地利用与景观格局的垂直变化进行研究.结果表明,洋河小流域的土地利用结构呈现出明显的垂直变化规律.各种土地类型的绝对数量在区域的低海拔段占绝对优势,随着海拔的升高,耕地、水域所占本高程带的百分比呈上升趋势,而林地和未利用地则呈相反趋势.园地呈现先升后降趋势,建设用地基本维持不变.土地利用影响景观格局的变化,景观格局同样呈现出明显的垂直分异规律.林地、未利用地和园地的分形维数呈现随海拔升高而增加的趋势,而建设用地呈现相反趋势.由于人类干扰程度的不同,多样性指数和均匀度指数呈现先升后降,优势度指数呈现先降后升的趋势.这与蔓延度指数与散布和并列指数所体现的景观类型的团聚程度和混杂情况的变化规律相一致.     

西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场浮游动物数量分布的初步研究

根据2005年7—10月在北太平洋E 150°~158°56′、N 42°34′~46°25′进行秋刀鱼资源探捕所获得的15个站点浮游动物样本资料,测得甲壳纲的桡足类、端足类、糠虾类、磷虾类,毛颚类、腔肠动物以及被囊动物等的代表种。其中桡足类占绝对优势,隶属于1目4科5属8种。浮游动物生物量4~699 mg/m3,均值168.6 mg/m3。根据浮游动物的种类、分布状况及优势种类的强弱,判断和分析黑潮暖流的强弱趋势,对确定秋刀鱼渔场的南北位置具有重要参考价值。