中东欧前社会主义国家森林私有化概况与发展趋势

概括介绍了中东欧前社会主义国家林权私有化的现状、面临的种种挑战和发展趋势。     

具有法律约束力的欧洲森林协议谈判进程

由于缔结具有法律约束力的森林公约对推动全球森林可持续经营目标的实现具有重要的意义, 联合国森林论坛谈判各方一直在进行着不懈的努力。面对国际森林公约谈判的困难, 欧洲各国开始了具有法律约束力的欧洲森林协议的相关谈判。文中简要总结国际森林问题的发展历程, 概述欧洲森林现状和谈判的背景, 并对具有法律约束力的欧洲森林协议的框架形成过程、政府间谈判委员会的4次谈判过程、2次欧洲森林问题专家组会议及其各方代表观点进行梳理, 指出未来的谈判走向。     

Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe

Climatic changes, together with an increase in the movement of cats and dogs across Europe, have caused an increase in the geographical range of several vector borne parasites like Dirofilaria, and in the risk of infection for animals and humans. The present paper reviews the effects of climate and other global drivers on Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens infections in Europe and the possible implications on the transmission and control of these mosquito-borne nematodes. In the last several years, growing degree day (GDD)-based forecast models, which use wide or local scale temperature data, have been developed to predict the occurrence and seasonality of Dirofilaria in different parts of the world. All these models are based on the fact that: there is a threshold of 14 °C below which Dirofilaria development will not proceed; and there is a requirement of 130 GDD for larvae to reach infectivity and a maximum life expectancy of 30 days for a vector mosquito. The output of these models predicts that the summer temperatures (with peaks in July) are sufficient to facilitate extrinsic incubation of Dirofilaria even at high latitudes. The global warming projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggests that warm summers suitable for Dirofilaria transmission in Europe will be the rule in the future decades and if the actual trend of temperature increase continues, filarial infection should spread into previously infection-free areas. These factors not only favour incubation of Dirofilaria, but also impact on mosquito species. Recent findings have also demonstrated that Aedes albopictus is now considered to be an important, competent vector of Dirofilaria infections. This mosquito species could spread from southern to northern European countries in the near future, changing the epidemiological patterns of dirofilariosis both in humans and animals.     

检测南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒胶体金免疫试纸条的建立

由白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)传播的南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Southern rice blackstreaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV)是目前我国南方水稻上危害最严重的病毒,为开发简便、快速、准确的SRBSDV病毒检测技术和检测试剂,以感染SRBSDV的植物粗提液为免疫原,利用杂交瘤技术制备了2株抗SRBSDV的单抗(14A8和15G6),并利用制备的单抗建立了可快速、特异、灵敏地检测SRBSDV的胶体金免疫试纸条。结果表明,2株制备单抗的抗体类型及亚类均为Ig G1、kappa链,单抗腹水的间接ELISA效价均达到10~(-7);Western blot分析表明,2株单抗均与SRBSDV的外壳蛋白亚基有特异反应,而不与水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Rice black-streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV)反应。以制备14A8和15G6单抗分别为捕获抗体和胶体金标记抗体,开发成能在5 min内准确、特异地检测水稻植物和白背飞虱传毒介体体内SRBSDV的胶体金免疫试纸条;灵敏度分析表明,该检测试纸条的检测水稻病叶的灵敏度达到1∶6 400倍(g/m L),检测单头携毒白背飞虱的灵敏度达到1∶51 200倍(单头/μL)。田间样品检测结果表明,该试纸条的检测结果与RT-PCR的符合率达到100%。建立的SRBSDV胶体金免疫试纸条可对南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒进行快速、特异、灵敏的诊断和检测。     

240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂对花生白娟病的防效

[目的]探讨噻呋酰胺对花生白娟病的田间控制效果。[方法]以50%福美双可湿性粉剂和25%粉锈灵可湿性粉剂为对照药剂,采用小区试验研究240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂不同时期喷施对花生白娟病的防治效果及对花生的增产效果。[结果]在花生开花期、结荚初期2次分别用240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂450 ml/hm2对水喷雾,对花生白娟病的防治效果为49.90%~69.80%,初期效果与常规对照25%粉锈灵1 500 g/hm2相当,而中后期效果则好于常规对照,同时能够提高花生产量,增幅为25.41%,优于两常规对照。[结论]240g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂既能有效防治花生白娟病又能提高花生产量,可望用于实际生产。     

川南传统古镇保护与发展研究——以罗城古镇为例

通过对川南传统古镇罗城镇进行现场调研,对古镇现有资源与现状进行了综合评述。介绍了罗城古镇的基本情况和保护价值,分析了古镇的保护现状与存在问题,认为古镇风貌与环境破坏严重、古镇建筑毁坏严重、缺乏保护资金,并且关于古镇保护的宣传不到位。针对以上问题,就古镇的保护与发展提出了建设性意见,重点在于进行合理的保护与规划,调整古镇功能结构,重视保留古镇的完整性和整体性,加强和提高居民的保护意识。以期促进川南传统古镇的保护与可持续发展。     

水生植物对农田排水沟渠氮磷迁移生态阻控效果比较研究

以亚热带红壤小流域为研究区域,选取2 m底宽、1 m深的小型农田排水沟渠,种植美人蕉(Canna indica)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、黑三棱(Sparganium stoloniferum)、灯心草(Juncus effusus)、铜钱草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)、水芹菜(Oenanthejavanica)等6种多年生水生植物,研究了农业面源污染的生态阻控技术措施及其效果。结果表明,6种水生植物的生态阻控效果差异显著(P<0.01),其生物量变化范围为0.58kg/m2～2.32kg/m2,其中以美人蕉为最大,水芹菜到夏季后进入休眠期,其生物量最低。植物体地上部N、P含量(干基)变化范围分别为N 8.06 g/kg～16.39g/kg和P 1.34 g/kg～3.82 g/kg,地下部分N、P含量变化范围分别为N 5.83 g/kg～10.80 g/kg和P 1.34 g/kg～3.35 g/kg。从生态拦截效果来看,以美人蕉对N的富集能力最强,达到23.90 g/m2,而黑三棱对P的富集能力最强(4.04 g/m2)。总的来讲,美人蕉和黑三棱在试验区具有明显的N、P生态拦截优势,其地上植株还可用作草食性动物的饲料,或者生物质覆盖还田,实现N、P资源循环利用与环境保护的有机结合。     

Climate change and nature conservation in Central European forests: A review of consequences, concepts and challenges

With a predicted rise in average global surface temperature at an unprecedented rate, as well as changes in precipitation and disturbance regimes, climate change will bring forth new challenges for nature conservation in forest ecosystems. Species and habitats to be protected will be affected as well as related concepts and area specific objectives. Climate change impacts are likely to be aggravated by other anthropogenic stresses such as fragmentation, deposition or habitat destruction. To be reliable and effective, current objectives and guidelines of forest conservation need to be reassessed and improved. Our study analyses possible impacts of climate change on forests and identifies key future challenges for nature conservation in forests and ecosystem research. We reviewed 130 papers on climate change impacts on forest ecosystems and species published between 1995 and 2010. The geographical focus of the study is Central Europe. Papers were analysed accounting for direct and indirect impacts of gradual changes as well as stochastic disturbance events in forest ecosystems and their possible consequences for nature conservation.Even though broader aspects of nature conservation (protected areas, biodiversity) are frequently mentioned, little attention is given to forest-specific nature conservation. Particular aspects are insufficiently represented, such as the influence of climate change on different forest succession stages, the development of dead wood volume and quality, responses of secondary broadleaved species, azonal or extrazonal forests as well as ancient woodlands or remnants of historical silvicultural systems. Challenges arise in the context of great uncertainties about future developments. Nature conservation concepts and objectives in forests need to be adapted either within a permanent evaluation process or through the inclusion of further changes a priori, even if they are to some extent unpredictable. In some cases adaptation measures within nature conservation (e.g. adjusting protected areas) may conflict with interests of other stakeholders. Further research, particularly on interrelations between different impacts and the adaptive capacity of current forest ecosystems, associated species and existing genotypes is urgently needed. The scale and complexity of the task at hand calls for the establishment and further strengthening of international research networks.     

中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策 Ⅱ.欧美国家农业面源污染状况及控制

 在全球范围内,农业面源污染正在成为水体污染的主要原因,对农业面源污染的控制不但逐步成为水污染治理的重中之重,也逐步成为现代农业和社会可持续发展的重大课题。20年来,发达国家在农业面源污染治理上主要通过源头控制,对农田面源、畜禽场面源进行分类控制。其核心特征为在扎实的试验研究基础上,发展环境友好的农业生产技术替代原有技术,在各主要水域和水源保护区研究和制定限定性农业生产技术标准。通过技术层面与政策层面的结合,在全流域范围内广泛推行农田最佳养分管理,限制水源保护区农田作物类型、轮作类型、施肥量、施肥时期、肥料品