响应面法优化藻菌共生体系深度处理畜禽养殖废水工艺研究

为优化微藻-细菌共生体系对畜禽养殖废水中碳氮磷去除的参数条件,利用响应面分析法(Response surface methodology,RSM)中的Box-Behnken中心组合设计(BBC),以接种比例、曝气量以及初始氨氮浓度为试验变量,以污染物去除率为响应值开展试验。响应面分析结果表明,对于COD去除的最佳条件为:活性污泥与微藻接种比例为6.0(m/m)、曝气量2.0 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度750 mg·L~(-1),此时COD去除率达92%以上。对于总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)的去除,当接种比例5.0(m/m)、曝气量1.5 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度750 mg·L~(-1)时,其去除率可达最大值(53%)。而对于磷酸盐的去除,当接种比例6.0(m/m)、曝气量1.5 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度600 mg·L~(-1)时,试验前96 h内便可达到100%的去除率。进一步对生物量检测发现,初始条件分别为曝气量1.5 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度900 mg·L~(-1)、接种比例4.0(m/m)或曝气量1.0 L·min~(-1)、初始氨氮浓度750 mg·L~(-1)、接种比例4.0(m/m)时,微藻生物量产量最高,可达到1.63～1.64 g·L~(-1)。研究表明,通过响应面法可以优化藻菌共生体系对畜禽养殖废水的处理工艺。对于不同的目标污染物,具有不同的最优参数组合。综合考虑各因素对各目标污染物去除效果的影响,可以选择废水处理工艺最优参数组合。通过回收在废水处理过程中生长的藻菌共生体用于后续生物质利用,可实现良好的经济价值,提高该工艺在污水深度处理中的应用前景。     

施用不同有机肥料对西瓜生长的影响

采用基质槽式栽培的方法,以施用“鸡粪+复合肥”为对照,探讨不同有机肥料对西瓜生长的影响。结果表明“鸡粪+芝麻渣”或“鸡粪+海藻肥”的有机肥料处理在植株长势、产量和可溶性固形物含量方面与有机-无机肥料处理没有显著差异。     

植物生长调节剂对湖桑32叶片中激素及糖分含量的影响

[目的]研究植物生长调节剂处理桑树后其叶片的激素含量及糖分含量变化动态。[方法]设缩节胺200 mg/L、天丰素200 mg/L、清水3个处理,研究植物生长调节剂对湖桑32叶片GA3、Z+ZR、IAA、ABA含量和可溶性糖含量的影响。[结果]3个处理GA3含量在第3～14 d无明显差异,200 mg/L缩节胺处理GA3含量在第3～14 d略低而在第14～19 d又有所升高。200 mg/L天丰素处理中GA3含量总体呈上升趋势。对照中Z+ZR含量随着时间的推移逐渐增加,200 mg/L缩节胺处理抑制Z+ZR含量,200 mg/L天丰素处理在处理中期Z+ZR含量有所升高。3个处理中ABA含量均呈上升趋势。在初期200 mg/L缩节胺处理IAA/ABA较高,200 mg/L天丰素处理后期IAA/ABA略高。在后期3个处理间的糖分含量无明显差异。[结论]不同的温度、湿度等环境条件和不同的桑树品种对植物调节剂的反应不同。     

Defruiting effect of young Fuyu persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on assimilate partitioning in-season and early growth the next season

Changes in the distribution of dry matter and nonstructural carbohydrates in various parts of young ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki) were examined with 3- and 4-year-old trees with (fruited) and without fruits (defruited). The effect of such changes was then monitored with regard to the magnitude of new growth the following year. From June 15 to November 1, fruiting significantly decreased the rate of dry weight accumulation in perennial parts of the tree. Dry matter was partitioned the most to fruits (68–72%) and the least to the roots. Of the total dry weight, root accounted for 8–27% in fruited and 58–62% in defruited trees. During this period, soluble sugars were three times more in fruited than in defruited trees, but more than 95% of sugars were in the fruits. Starch content increased in defruited trees, more than 93% of which being distributed to the perennial parts. Compared with fruited trees, defruiting in the previous year increased new shoot growth and the number of fruits the following year, with a 20–58% greater increase in dry matter. During the new growth from April 10 to June 10 the following year, root dry weight decreased by 30–32% in defruited trees, whereas it increased by 20–80% in the fruited ones. Soluble sugars in roots decreased by 8.8–19.7 g in defruited trees but increased by 9.7–12.3 g in fruited ones. Starch in roots decreased by 68–75.1 g in defruited trees but increased by 10.2–13.3 g in fruited ones. However, there were no significant differences in soluble sugars and starch in the newly grown parts. It was estimated that a 1-g difference in dry matter accumulated in the previous season resulted in a 116-mg and 256-mg difference in dry weight of newly grown parts, and a 6.5-mm and 17.5-mm new shoot in the following season for 3- and 4-year-old trees, respectively.     

Dry weight and carbohydrate distribution in different tree parts as affected by various fruit-loads of young persimmon and their effect on new growth in the next season

This study was conducted to determine the changes in the accumulation of dry weight (DW) and the distribution of carbohydrates in different parts of young persimmon (Diospyros kaki) as affected by various fruit-loads. The effects of such changes were monitored with regard to the abundance of new growth in the following year. On June 15, the fruit-load was adjusted to a leaf–fruit (L/F) ratio of 10, 20, and 30, and some trees were completely defruited. Between June 15 and November 11, the increase in DW was less in the defruited and more in the higher L/F-ratio trees. Among the various tree parts, the DW increased the most in the fruits during the same period. It was observed that the lower the L/F ratio, the more the DW in the fruits: the fruits accounted for 78.7% of the total DW in the 10-L/F, 57.6% in the 20-L/F, and 49.7% in the 30-L/F ratio trees. In contrast, as the L/F ratio increased, the DW distribution to the roots increased to 3% in the 10-L/F, 13% in the 20-L/F, and 26% in the 30-L/F ratio trees and 61% in the defruited trees. During this period, carbohydrates were distributed mostly to the fruits, but as the L/F ratio decreased, their distribution to permanent tree parts decreased. The distribution of soluble sugars and starch to the permanent parts was 1% and 14% in the 10-L/F, 3% and 48% in the 20-L/F, 9% and 57% in the 30-L/F ratio trees, and 71% and 93% in the defruited trees, respectively. Maintaining a lower L/F ratio resulted in a decrease in the shoot and fruit numbers in the following year: there were zero and four fruits in those trees with an L/F ratio of 10 and 20, respectively. The carbohydrates decreased in the roots of both the 30-L/F ratio trees and the defruited trees, whereas the defruited trees showed more new shoot growth in the following year. In the roots of the trees with the L/F ratio of 30, soluble sugars and starch decreased by 7.6 g and 1.8 g, respectively, during the spring growth, whereas, in the roots of the defruited trees soluble sugars and starch decreased by 33.3 g and 94.6 g, respectively.     

十字花科上的链格孢属真菌可溶性蛋白质凝胶电泳分析

从国内外收集生于十字花科植物上的3种链格孢属真菌21个菌株,进行菌体可溶性蛋白质的凝胶电泳分析.对可溶性蛋白质图谱资料的模糊聚类分析,在较高的相似性水平上将参试菌株分为3大类群,每一类群所包括的菌株与形态学的鉴定结果完全一致,即1个类群代表1个种.种间蛋白图谱差异明显,而种内菌株间基本一致.各菌株的归类关系与其寄主植物、地理来源无关.表明可溶性蛋白质凝胶电泳在Alternaria种级分类鉴定中是一个有用的工具,可以明确地将各菌株鉴定到种级水平.     

Effect of tile effluent on nutrient concentration and retention efficiency in agricultural drainage ditches

Tile drainage is a common water management practice in many agricultural landscapes in the Midwestern United States. Drainage ditches regularly receive water from agricultural fields through these tile drains. This field-scale study was conducted to determine the impact of tile discharge on ambient nutrient concentration, nutrient retention and transport in drainage ditches. Grab water samples were collected during three flow regimes for the determination of soluble phosphorus (SP), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentrations and their retention in three drainage ditches. Measured nutrient concentration indicated lower SP and NH₄⁺-N, and greater NO₃-N concentrations in tile effluents compared to the ditch water. Net uptake lengths were relatively long, especially for NO₃-N, indicating that nutrients were generally not assimilated efficiently in these drainage systems. Results also indicated that the study reaches were very dynamic showing alternating increases or decreases in nutrient concentration across the flow regimes. The drainage ditches appeared to be nutrient-rich streams that could potentially influence the quality of downstream waters.     

Seasonal variation in soluble soil carbon and nitrogen across a grassland productivity gradient

Understanding the fate and turnover of the pools that comprise dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soil is key to determining its role in ecosystem functioning. We investigated seasonal changes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) concentrations within four molecular weight (MW) size fractions across an altitudinal gradient (from lowland to montane systems), and quantified individual amino acids and amino acid constituents of oligopeptidic-N, as well as nitrate and ammonium. We tested two ideas: first, that DON is more abundant than DIN in low-productivity relative to high-productivity grassland ecosystems; and second, that the abundance of peptides and amino acids is likewise greater in low- than high-productivity grassland. The most productive site had a history of inorganic fertiliser application, and hence in this site alone DIN was more abundant than DON. Plant productivity varied 3-fold between the other sites, and DON was generally at higher concentrations in the sites of lower productivity both in absolute terms as well as relative to DIN, with a large increase observed in spring. The fraction containing the highest concentration of the DON had a MW of >100 kDa, and in summer and autumn this fraction was more abundant at the lowest productivity site. We conclude that relationships between the abundance of DON relative to DIN and ecosystem productivity is dependent on season, and hence more complex than previously suggested, and that peptides are a dynamic and potentially nutritionally significant component of DON.     

硒处理对樱桃番茄果实发育的影响

以樱桃番茄为材料,研究了6个硒处理浓度(0,2,4,6,8,10 mg/L)对不同品种樱桃番茄的富集性及单果质量的影响.研究结果表明,低浓度的硒(0～4 mg/L)对樱桃番茄的生长发育起促进作用,其中当硒浓度为4 mg/L时,樱桃番茄的单果质量最大,以红色樱桃番茄对硒的富集性最强,但高浓度的硒(＞4 mg/L)对其有一...     

土壤水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演模型及验证

土壤水溶性盐基离子是诊断土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的重要依据,利用光谱技术快速获取土壤水溶性盐基离子含量数据,可为土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的诊断提供新的技术和手段。该研究通过采集新疆5个不同地区399个土样的反射率与水溶性盐基离子数据并进行31种光谱预处理方法,分析了不同水溶性盐基离子(HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)与高光谱反射率之间的相关性;采用K-S(Kennard-Stone)方法挑选出299个样品,针对每种离子使用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分别建立32个高光谱定量反演模型,优选最佳反演模型,并单独使用100个样品对估测模型进行检验。结果表明:不同离子的最佳反演模型所使用的预处理方法存在差异,其中仅有Cl-和Ca2+、SO42-和Mg2+所使用的预处理方法相同,其他离子则不同;不同离子的反演精度也不同,HCO3-和Ca2+构建的模型相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)分别为2.67、2.57,模型具有很好的预测能力。Cl-、SO42-和Mg2+所构建的模型RPD分别为2.05、2.10和2.14,表明这三者建立的模型具有较好的预测能力。K+建立的模型RPD仅为1.11,不能对样品进行预测。Na+构建的模型RPD为1.83,表明该离子所建模型只能对样品进行粗略估测。研究结果为探究水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演增添了新的内容,为土壤盐渍化监测的深入和推进提供了新的思路和方法。