黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

黄土丘陵区生物结皮广泛发育,可影响土壤磷素有效性。目前鲜见生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性的研究报道。本文以该区不同年限退耕地的生物结皮为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了生物结皮对土壤全磷、有效磷及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,1）生物结皮的形成可显著提高结皮层土壤全磷含量,而下层(010 cm)全磷含量差异不显著; 2）生物结皮的形成可显著提高结皮层土壤有效磷含量,研究区生物结皮层土壤有效磷含量为3.27~5.87 mg/kg,占到同层土壤全磷含量的0.57%~0.95%,生物结皮层磷酸酶活性高于下层(010 cm) 381倍; 3）生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响与生物结皮发育阶段有关; 4）生物结皮主要通过提高结皮层土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和有机质含量,降低土壤pH,进而提高了土壤磷素有效性。本文研究结果表明,生物结皮的形成有助于提高黄土丘陵区退耕地土壤磷素有效性。     

添加无机养分对高温堆肥化的影响

为了探讨堆肥过程中添加无机成分制作有机无机复合肥的可行性,利用有效容积为100 L的堆肥反应器,以鸡粪为主要堆肥原料,研究了添加化肥(尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾)对堆肥过程主要指标的影响。结果表明,添加了无机成分的处理温度升高较快,高温期持续时间长,堆体温度下降较慢,含水量明显高于对照,堆肥结束时的含氮量为17.21 g kg-1,比对照高出1.66 g kg-1;有效磷的含量随时间而增加,由0.48 g kg-1升高到2.19 g kg-1;总的活菌数量与对照相比差异显著。根据有机肥国家标准NY525-2002的规定以及堆肥的各项指标测定结果得出,化学肥料的添加不影响堆肥质量,并且能显著提高堆肥的总养分,但是对堆肥内源微生物活性存在一定影响。     

黄淮海地区绿肥与化肥配施对棉花生长和肥料利用率的影响

采用田间土柱模拟试验,研究了绿肥翻压与不同比例化肥配施对棉花生长和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明: 翻压绿肥处理的棉花花铃期叶片SPAD值较不翻压绿肥显著提高,说明翻压绿肥对棉花叶片叶绿素含量有显著影响; 翻压绿肥有助于棉花氮、 磷和钾素的吸收。翻压绿肥处理与不翻压绿肥相比,籽棉产量增加近30%; 翻压绿肥与70%的化肥配施,不会降低棉株养分积累量、 籽棉产量和肥料利用率,且棉花的化肥农学效率明显高于配施100%和85%的化肥处理。     

不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对稻田氮磷养分径流流失的影响

为明确自然降雨条件下稻田田面水氮磷养分径流流失特征,寻求秸秆还田和耕作方式结合下较为有效的减排农艺措施,通过田间试验研究自然降雨条件下不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对稻田田面水氮磷养分径流流失的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田处理较秸秆不还田处理更能够有效减少稻田氮磷养分径流流失总量;秸秆不还田条件下,翻耕、旋耕、免耕总氮径流流失量分别为6.78,8.50,11.09kg/hm2,总磷流失量分别为0.50,0.63,0.78kg/hm2;秸秆还田条件下,翻耕、旋耕、免耕总氮流失量分别为4.82,6.44,8.87kg/hm2,总磷流失量分别为0.39,0.51,0.70kg/hm2;整个稻季氮素径流流失率以免耕秸秆不还田为最高,达3.70%,翻耕秸秆还田为最低,仅为1.61%,磷素径流流失率也是免耕秸秆不还田最高,翻耕秸秆还田最低,分别为1.31%和0.65%。     

养分缺乏下外源有机酸对暗棕壤磷有效性及落叶松幼苗吸收积累磷的影响

用不同比例A1和B层暗棕壤混合(A1∶B=1∶2)制造土壤养分缺乏条件,栽植落叶松幼苗,通过模拟我国东北林区代表性森林凋落物淋洗液中有机酸的种类和数量,系统研究养分缺乏下,不同浓度外源有机酸对暗棕壤磷有效性和落叶松幼苗吸收、运输磷素养分的影响及机理,以探讨利用有机酸提高养分缺乏下落叶松幼苗抗土壤贫瘠能力的可行性及机制。结果表明,A1层与B层混合土壤速效磷含量降低,落叶松幼苗根系和叶片磷累积量和磷吸收效率降低,但磷利用效率增加。外源有机酸处理后,混合土壤的速效磷含量有不同程度提高,3种有机酸的作用强弱表现为琥珀酸>柠檬酸>草酸,一般以浓度5.0mmol/L和处理20d时提高效果最显著。有机酸不同程度提高了根系和叶片的磷累积量和磷吸收效率,但降低了磷利用效率。有机酸对磷累积量和磷吸收效率的提高程度因处理时间、有机酸浓度和种类而异:对于根系,20d和30d的结果高于10d,叶片则为10d和20d的结果高于30d,说明处理前期磷被吸收后向叶片的转移量较多,而后期则更多地在根中积累;3种有机酸大多在浓度为10.0mmol/L时提高幅度最大;不同有机酸的促进程度为琥珀酸>柠檬酸>草酸。因此,外源有机酸能通过提高落叶松幼苗对养分缺乏土壤中磷的吸收能力,促进磷的积累,进而提高苗木对养分缺乏土壤的耐性和适应能力。     

高温处理对结果期草莓叶片衰老特征的影响

以‘日本丰香’(Fragaria ananassa Duch.cv Toyonaka)草莓品种为试材,于2010-12-2011-02在人工气候箱进行环境控制试验,以25℃为对照,设30、32、34、36、38℃共5个高温处理,分别在处理1、3、5d后,测定与叶片衰老特征密切相关的生理指标,包括叶片中超氧化岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量.结果表明,在30 ～ 38℃范围内,随着温度升高及处理时间的延长,草莓叶片中MDA含量呈持续增加趋势;经30 ～ 34℃高温处理后,可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD、POD、CAT酶活性值均高于对照,其中SOD、POD酶活性在34℃处理3d后达到最高,可溶性蛋白质含量、CAT酶活性在34℃处理5d后达到最高.36℃及38℃高温处理后,可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD、POD、CAT酶活性明显低于对照(P＜0.05);高温处理中叶片的叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素含量均低于对照,而且随着高温时间的延长,草莓叶片叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素含量都呈持续下降趋势.表明高温胁迫降低了草莓叶片保护酶活性,导致体内活性氧大量积累,抗氧化能力降低,加速了草莓叶片的衰老,研究结果为设施草莓高温气象灾害的防御提供了依据.     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.     

模拟酸雨胁迫对赤红壤磷素形态特征的影响

通过田间小区模拟酸雨实验,研究酸雨胁迫下赤红壤不同磷素形态变化的方向和程度。结果表明,原位模拟酸雨影响下,一定强度（pH≥4.0）的酸雨胁迫能有效促进有效磷的释放,而当pH〈4.0强度酸雨胁迫时有效磷的释放随pH值降低逐渐受到抑制。随酸雨酸度的增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶和微生物量磷均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,可见一定强度酸雨胁迫能促进溶磷微生物和磷酸酶活性,而当高强度酸雨胁迫时土壤微生物活动逐渐受到抑制。无机磷组分中Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P含量均随酸雨酸度的增强而降低,土壤O-P含量没有显著变化。相关分析发现,有效磷含量与微生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,表明此时土壤有效磷变化与有机磷矿化关系最为密切。有效磷含量与各种形态无机磷（Al-P、O-P、Ca-P和Fe-P）含量之间也有较强的正相关性,表明土壤生态系统磷素转化是一个自我调节的动态平衡过程,且在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

Pedogenic carbonate recrystallization assessed by isotopic labeling: a comparison of 13C and 14C tracers

The C isotopic composition (δ¹³C) of pedogenic carbonates reflects the photosynthetic pathway of the predominant local vegetation because pedogenic (secondary) CaCO₃ is formed in isotopic equilibrium with soil CO₂ released by root and rhizomicrobial respiration. Numerous studies show the importance of pedogenic carbonates as a tool for reconstructing paleoecological conditions in arid and semiarid regions. The methodological resolution of these studies strongly depends on the time scale of pedogenic carbonate formation, which remains unknown. The initial formation rate can be assessed by ¹⁴C labeling of plants grown on loess and subsequent incorporation of ¹⁴C from rhizosphere CO₂ into newly formed carbonate by recrystallization of loess CaCO₃. We tested the feasibility of ¹⁴C and ¹³C tracers for estimating CaCO₃ recrystallization rates by simultaneous ¹⁴C and ¹³C labeling and comparison with literature data. ¹⁴C labeling was more efficient and precise in assessing recrystallization rates than ¹³C labeling. This is connected with higher sensitivity of ¹⁴C liquid scintillation counting when compared with δ¹³C measurement by IRMS. Further, assessment of very low amounts of incorporated tracer is more precise with low background signal (natural abundance), which is true for ¹⁴C, but is rather high for ¹³C. Together, we obtained better reproducibility, higher methodological precision, and better plausibility of recrystallization rates calculated based on ¹⁴C labeling. Periods for complete CaCO₃ recrystallization, extrapolated from rates based on ¹⁴C labeling, ranged from 130 (125–140) to 240 (225–255) y, while it was ≈ 600 (365–1600) y based on the ¹³C approach. In terms of magnitude, data from late‐Holocene soil profiles of known age provide better fit with modeled recrystallization periods based on the ¹⁴C approach.     

畜禽废水磷回收产物的磷素释放特性及肥效试验研究

以畜禽废水沼气发酵液为磷回收对象,采用曝气沉淀结晶法磷回收工艺,对回收产物进行水溶性磷连续浸提试验和玉米盆栽试验,考察畜禽废水磷回收产物的磷素动态释放情况、玉米盆栽的肥效以及磷素利用情况。浸提试验表明,磷回收产物经6次浸提,水溶性磷的释放量呈缓慢下降的趋势,第6次与第1次相比只下降了1.42%,总释放量占总磷的57.97%,证明磷回收产物（RPP）具有良好的缓释性,作为肥料使用时不易被水淋失。盆栽试验表明,用RPP以不同比例代替磷酸一铵作为肥料对玉米均能起到显著的增产作用,最佳的质量替代比例为40%;RPP较磷酸一铵的地上部分和地下部分磷素利用率分别高出19.14%和2.50%,显示其具有较高的磷吸收效率。因此,从畜禽废水沼气发酵液中回收得到的磷回收产物具有较高的肥效价值,是一种节约资源、保护环境、缓解磷资源危机的新型肥料。