不同用量有机肥对陇东旱塬黑垆土磷素形态转化及有效性的影响

以覆盖黑垆土土壤为材料,研究了不同用量有机肥对土壤磷素有效性及不同形态无机磷含量的影响。结果表明:在陇东旱塬黑垆土上施肥能够增加全磷、有效磷含量,有机肥增加效果更明显,且随有机肥施用量的增加而增加。无磷肥输入的氮肥处理区,活性较强的Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、A1-P和Fe-P含量都有所降低,而较稳定态的O-P和Ca_(10)-P含量则有所提高。与CK相比,有机肥处理随有机肥用量的增加,Ca_2-P、Ca_(10)-P、A1-P含量表现为增加,而Ca_8-P、Fe-P、O-P则相反。同时Ca_2-P与有机质、有效磷显著正相关,与p H值显著负相关。因此,在本试验条件下,从有效态的Ca_2-P和难溶性的Ca_(10)-P含量变化来看,在施等量氮的基础上配施农家肥60 000 kg·hm~(-2)更有利于活化土壤磷和减缓磷吸附,从而提高磷素的有效性。     

六道沟小流域地形序列土壤碳剖面分布特征及影响因素

为了更好地理解黄土高原植被恢复与生态重建过程对土壤碳循环过程的影响,研究选取位于黄土高原六道沟小流域的典型土壤地形序列(东北坡NE序列,西坡W序列),分析了不同坡向间及同一坡向内随植被类型变化土壤有机碳和无机碳的剖面分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:六道沟小流域地形序列土壤有机碳含量在0—50cm土层内随土层深度增加而显著降低,50cm土层以下基本趋于稳定,且剖面上层(0—50cm)有机碳含量显著高于剖面下层(50—200cm,p0.05),但在同一深度土层(0—50,50—200,0—200cm)不同坡向林地和草地土壤有机碳平均含量均没有显著差异(p0.05)。与有机碳相比,无机碳含量相对较高并且主要在剖面下部(50cm以下)不同深度土层富集。NE序列林地和草地剖面无机碳平均含量接近(p0.05),而W序列林地剖面无机碳平均含量显著高于草地(p0.05);不同坡向草地剖面无机碳平均含量无显著差异(p0.05),但不同坡向林地剖面无机碳平均含量表现为W序列显著高于NE序列(p0.05)。0—50cm土层有机碳含量与pH、容重和土壤含水量均呈极显著负相关关系,而与土壤总孔隙度呈极显著正相关关系;50—150cm土层无机碳含量与pH和土壤总孔隙度均呈极显著负相关关系,而与容重、黏粒含量和土壤含水量均呈极显著正相关关系。NE序列和W序列2 m土体总碳密度相当,分别为15.2~47.4kg/m~2和18.3~51.3kg/m~2,其中无机碳密度占78%~94%,1—2m土层总碳密度占2m土体总碳密度的35%~74%。若只考虑土壤有机碳库或只考虑浅层1m土壤碳库,六道沟小流域2m土体总碳储量平均将被低估88%和51%。     

有机酸作用下黄壤无机纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)吸附动力学特性

为探究有机酸对镉在纳米粒级土壤上的有效性及其形态的影响,基于超声—离心—冻融法,应用到四川省名山河流域老冲积黄壤中,获得纳米微粒(≤100 nm),分别研究不同分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、富里酸、EDTA)及其组合(柠檬酸+EDTA、柠檬酸+富里酸、富里酸+EDTA)对土壤纳米微粒吸附Cd~(2+)动力学特性的影响。结果表明,土壤纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)的动力学吸附量大小关系表现为:柠檬酸+EDTA富里酸柠檬酸+富里酸柠檬酸富里酸+EDTAEDTA。总的来看,EDTA的抑制作用最强,最能降低土壤纳米微粒对Cd~(2+)的吸附。     

Nutritional response of seedling tomato plants under different lighting treatments

In order to describe the effect of complementary artificial light supply on the nutrient status of tomato seedlings, fluorescent lamps were compared to each other. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were measured (mg g^?1 dry matter). Blue, red and far-red relationships were established. The N, P and K higher concentration and uptake have been found under high efficiency fluorescent lamps. Phosphorus uptake increasing was observed at high levels of irradiation. Potassium concentration is significantly higher under compact fluorescent lamps. The relationship between ratios and N, P and K extractions were used as indicators of limitation for plant. The ratio N/P and N/K present a low relation with N extraction. The ratio N/P presents a significant correlation with P extraction, also the ratios N/K and P/K with K extraction. Significant differences in constant of lineal equation have been found in P/K ratio and K extraction.     

Nutrients management strategies to improve yield and quality of sugar beet in semi-arid regions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of sugar beet genotypes (Beta vulgaris L.). Therefore, a field trial was carried out in Peshawar, Pakistan, during the winters in 2012–2013. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with split plots, having three replications. Fertilizer treatments (control, composted manure Higo Organic Plus at 5 t ha^?1, Maxicrop Sea Gold seaweed extract at 5 L ha^?1, farm yard manure at 10 t ha^?1, inorganic nitrogen–phosphorus (NP) at 90:60 kg ha^?1, NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1 and NP at 150:120 kg ha^?1) were allotted to main plots, while genotypes (Sandrina, Serenada and Kawe Terma) were allotted to the sub-plots. Plots treated with the application of NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1 produced the highest beet yield (76.4 t ha^?1) and sugar yield (11.1 t ha^?1), and had the second highest polarizable sugar content (14.52%) and more economic return (Rs. 553,000 per hectare) as compared to control plots. Sugar beet genotype Serenada had significantly higher beet yield (55.5 t ha^?1) and sugar yield (7.9 t ha^?1) and a higher economic return (Rs. 380,000 per hectare) than the other genotypes. Sugar beet genotype Serenada supplied with NP at 120:90 kg ha^?1is recommended for the general cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar valley.     

Transformation of Phosphorus in Forest and Savannah Agro-Ecological Alfisols incubated with Different Phosphorus Fertilizers,in Ekiti state,Southwestern Nigeria

Experiments on incubation with phosphorus (P) changes in two Nigerian Alfisols, were evaluated on the effectiveness of P sources (ground phosphate rock, GRP-9% P, Pace-setter Organo-Mineral Fertilizer (PR-fortified P-S-OM, 11% P and single superphosphate, SSP-7.7% P, for reference). All samples were adjusted to water tension measured at M Ψ w = 0.03 MPa. Changes in applied P were evaluated at 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after which data were analyzed using analysis of variance and correlations. Over 24 weeks of incubation, SSP transformed mostly into iron (Fe)-bound P and GPR produced the highest inorganic phosphate ions and transformed largely into the soluble and more chemically stable residual P, in both soils. This fraction, had high and positive correlations (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) with soil properties and constituted a major source and sinks of plant available P. Thus, GPR contributing beneficial effects of residual phosphates.     

Fate of phosphorus in soil during a long‐term fertilization experiment in Finland

Accumulation and depletion of soil phosphorus (P) was studied in a long‐term (37 y) field experiment in Southern Finland. The loam soil had a high pH (7.5–7.7) due to an earlier liming. Spring barley, spring wheat, oat, and ryegrass, grown in rotation, were annually fertilized with 0, 32, or 67 kg P ha^?1 y^?1 (P₀, P₁, and P₂K) and sufficient N. The average dry matter grain yield 2,600 kg ha^?1 of the P₀ plots increased by about 500 kg ha^?1 at P₁ treatment and another 600 kg ha^?1 by P₂K. Soil samples were collected in 1978 (beginning), 1995, 2005, and 2015. According to the Chang and Jackson sequential extraction, the P₂K and P₁ treatments increased the inorganic soil P by 732 and 32 kg P ha ^?1 in 37 years, respectively, while the P₀ plots were depleted by –459 kg P ha ^?1. The P₂K treatment increased all four P fractions, extracted with NH₄Cl (easily soluble), NH₄F (Al‐P), NaOH (Fe‐P), and H₂SO₄ (Ca‐P). Continuous depletion (P₀) decreased the NH₄Cl‐P and NH₄F‐P pools, NaOH‐P and H₂SO₄‐P pools remaining stable. None of the P pools changed significantly at P₁. The remarkable gap between the measured change and the balance for the P₂K and P₁ treatments cannot be explained solely by lateral soil movement, meaning that a significant proportion of the applied P was lost either in surface runoff or transported below the investigated depth of 40 cm. Despite large P applications, the degree of P saturation reached only 20% in the P₂K topsoil, assuming a 50% reactivity of Fe and Al oxides. As derived from sorption isotherms, a high EPC₀ (i.e., equilibrium P concentration at zero net P sorption or desorption) of 1.30 mg L^?1 had been built up in the P₂K treatment, while in the P₁ treatment EPC₀ (0.33 mg L^?1) had remained unchanged and P depletion (P₀) had caused a decrease to 0.12 mg L^?1. These results demonstrate that P sorption and desorption properties respond strongly to both P fertilization and null fertilization treatments and that in a long‐term field experiment only a low proportion of the residual fertilizer P can be recovered from soil.     

基于稻田控水减排的氮肥运筹试验研究

为改善江汉平原地区稻田水肥管理措施,采用田间小区试验,研究了常规淹灌(CF)和浅灌深蓄(SIDS)条件下,农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释参混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对水稻各生育阶段稻田氮磷流失特征、养分吸收和土壤养分积累的影响。结果表明:与CF处理相比,SIDS处理田间灌溉水量、总用水量、径流量和渗漏量分别降低41.7%,18.5%,45.8%和21.9%,降雨利用率增加16.2%,TN和TP径流流失量分别降低32.6%~35.9%和36.4%~53.1%,渗漏流失量分别降低22.8%~32.0%和16.2%~33.3%,水稻返青期—拔节孕穗期分别占稻田氮磷径流和渗漏流失总量的70%以上。30%N+70%CRF处理、OPT-N处理较FFP处理,TN径流流失量分别降低19.7%~29.2%,15.1%~25.2%,渗漏流失量分别降低25.4%~51.7%,20.9%~26.4%,TP渗漏流失量分别降低18.4%~24.5%,20.4%~31.6%,但TP径流流失量差别很小。从水稻养分吸收和土壤养分积累来看,SIDS处理实际产量相对CF处理可增产4.4%,但对0—40cm土层氮磷养分累积影响不大,30%N+70%CRF处理和OPT-N处理相对FFP处理可增产5.6%和0.4%,且0—20cm土层速效态氮磷养分能维持在一个较高且相对稳定的水平。综上,浅灌深蓄结合30%N+70%CRF施用有利于稻田节水、减少氮磷流失、水稻增产以及土壤肥力改善。     

不同施肥处理对三峡库区柑橘园土壤氮磷淋失影响

在2017年8月利用原状土柱模拟淋溶试验对三峡库区秭归县柑橘园土壤的氮磷淋溶流失进行研究,探讨不同施肥处理对土壤氮、磷淋失的影响,为三峡库区农业面源污染的防控提供理论依据。试验设置6个处理,分别为不施肥处理(T0)、减量施肥(T1)、常量施肥(T2)、增量施肥(T3)、常量复合肥A施肥(T4)和常量复合肥B施肥(T5)。结果表明:(1)不同施肥处理下,柑橘园土壤淋滤液中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)的淋溶浓度范围分别为37.16~163.07,0.61~6.69,27.54~79.38,2.37~7.10mg/L。(2)施肥量和施肥种类皆为土壤中氮磷淋溶的影响因素。在相同施肥种类下,土壤氮磷淋溶浓度随施肥量增加而显著增加,但施肥量高到一定程度后,淋溶浓度增长幅度会降低。在相同施氮量下,硝态氮的淋失受施肥种类影响最大,铵态氮最小。(3)在土壤淋滤液中,硝态氮为可溶性氮主要淋失形态,其淋失量占TN淋失量的比率为29.72%~46.18%,NH_4~+—N淋失量的比重为1.09%~2.05%。从研究结果推论,常量复合肥A施肥处理更有利于肥料氮向供植物吸收可溶性氮转化并降低施肥后土壤中氮素累积的风险。     

春季解冻期棕壤坡面磷素迁移过程研究

春季解冻期土壤季节性冻融发生最为强烈,极易发生土壤侵蚀,也是磷素流失的关键时期。采用人工模拟降雨的方法,探究春季解冻期不同磷素背景值坡面产流产沙及磷素流失动态过程。结果表明:产流后14 min内径流量和泥沙量均呈现较好的线性分布,径流相关系数为0.969,泥沙相关系数为0.936;14~18 min内径流量缓慢增加,从18 min开始一直到产流结束径流量基本保持在3 100 ml/min,而泥沙则总体呈现先增大再减小的趋势;土壤背景值（APb）越高,径流、泥沙中磷浓度越高;径流中磷素流失比率均值APb₂₀坡面最大,且随着背景值的增大呈减小趋势;而泥沙中磷素流失比率均值变化则与径流不同,APb₄₀的坡面其流失比率最小,其他坡面差异较小;径流中磷素流失量与泥沙中磷素流失量呈线性关系,y=6.751x-0.628（R²=0.958）。