Effect of differently post-treated dewatered sewage sludge on β-glucosidase activity,microbial biomass carbon,basal respiration and carbohydrates contents of soils from limestone quarries

This work has evaluated the effects of thermally dried (TDS) or composted (CDS) dewatered sewage sludge on β-glucosidase activity, total (TCH) and extractable (ECH) carbohydrate content, microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration of soils from limestone quarries under laboratory conditions. Two doses (low and high) of the dewatered sludge (DS) or of the respective TDS or CDS were applied to a clayey and a sandy soil, both coming from working quarries. The soil mixtures and the controls (soils with no added sludge) were incubated for 9 months at 25°C and 30% of field capacity. The addition of sludge increased all the studied soil parameters, and the increase depended on the amount of sludge. Except in the case of TCH and ECH, the enhancing effect decreased with time, but at the end of incubation, parameters of the treated soils were higher than those of the control. The rank order of the initial stimulating effect was soil–TDS ≥ soil–DS ≥ soil–CDS, and probably, this order depended on the proportion of stable organic matter, which was the lowest in the TDS. Values of metabolic quotient (qCO₂) were higher at the lower dose, and they did not change during incubation in the CDS-treated soils. Both TCH and ECH were the parameters with the greatest significant sludge and dose effects. Basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon and β-glucosidase activity were the best measured parameters in distinguishing the long-term effects of the three sludge types over the soils.     

Irrigation practices may affect denitrification more than nitrogen mineralization in warm climatic conditions

Predicting the impact of irrigation practices on soil N mineralization and N balance is an important issue to optimize N fertilization and reduce the N losses towards the environment. The effect of summer irrigation on N dynamics was investigated in two arable fields in Southern France. Net N mineralization was assessed by combining frequent measurements of water and mineral N contents in soil and the use of a calculation model (LIXIM). It was first calculated assuming that denitrification was negligible. This hypothesis led to inconsistent results, apparent net N mineralized being smaller under irrigated than non-irrigated conditions and net mineralization kinetics being erratic. The occurrence of denitrification was confirmed by the use of ¹⁵NO₃ tracing in an experiment carried out in summer, including three irrigated treatments. The average ¹⁵N recovery varied from 45% to 85% and was smallest in the most frequently irrigated treatment. Over the 8-week experiment, the N losses varied from 30 to 38 kg ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. They were satisfactorily simulated by a simple denitrification model (NEMIS). Combining the LIXIM model and the simulated or calculated denitrification allowed to predict satisfactorily the evolution of soil mineral N accounting for the effects of temperature and moisture. The net N mineralized for 8 weeks varied from 34 kg N ha⁻¹ in the un-irrigated to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. The drying–rewetting cycles did not induce a flush of N mineralization. Our results suggest that denitrification has to be accounted for in irrigated systems, particularly in warm conditions and when the topsoil contains high nitrate contents.     

坡面产流机制研究刍议

随着水文学的发展,坡面产流问题越来越受到水文学领域的重视。对坡面产流机制(这里的坡面产流包括地表径流产流和壤中流产流两个部分)的研究现状详细进行了回顾与分析,并提出了目前产流机制所面临的问题,以期推动降雨产流计算方法和流域水文模型机构的发展。     

松嫩平原低平易涝地旱改水种稻治涝防止土壤次生盐渍化技术的研究

“九五”期间对松嫩平原低平易涝地进行了早改水种稻治涝防止土壤次生盐渍化技术的研究,明确了井灌、渠灌对土壤次生盐渍化的影响。研究结果表明,如果管理科学或进行土壤改良不会发生土壤次生盐渍化。     

我国土壤污染退化状况及防治对策

土壤污染退化已成为我国乃至全球性土壤退化的主要表现形式之一。本文在分析我国土壤资源污染退化状况和发展态势的基础上,着重分析了土壤污染退化对食物安全和生态环境效应的影响,并探讨了其原因,提出了防治我国土壤资源污染退化的对策。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

对于石油污染土壤的修复,其生物修复具有环境友好、费用较低等特点,是最具应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文较全面地介绍了石油污染土壤生物修复的影响因素、石油污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

旱地土壤硝态氮残留淋溶及影响因素研究

在我国北方旱地,施入土壤而未被作物吸收利用的肥料N,主要以NO3--N的形式残留于土壤中。残留的NO3--N如不及时被作物吸收利用,在降水或灌水的作用下,会淋入土壤深层,或随径流进入地表水体,或经反硝化形成N2O进入大气,对土壤、水体和大气环境构成严重威胁。本文分析了旱地农田生态系统中,NO3--N在土壤剖面的残留淋溶与施肥、灌溉/降水、耕作、土壤、植物等因素的关系。提出在今后的研究工作中应特别注意的问题:①建立长期定位试验,确定NO3--N淋溶阈值,评价和预测NO3--N残留和淋失的趋势;②优化作物栽培和养分资源管理措施,提高作物利用土壤NO3--N的能力;③改进N肥施用技术,加强N素管理,防止NO3--N在土壤中大量累积。     

长白山森林土壤有机碳库大小及周转研究

主要分析不同森林植被下有机碳的分解动态和土壤碳库各组分大小、周转时间。结果表明：土壤样品培养90天，CO2累计释放量表层大致为1723～5065mg／kg、下层大致为178～642mg／kg。分解速率总的趋势是前期快，后期慢，表层明显大于下层。大小顺序为：冷杉林〉针阔混交林和阔叶林〉针叶林。在不同植被下的表层和下层土壤中，活性碳占总有机碳的0．54％～1．67％，0．45％～5．48％．平均驻留时间为11～56天、60～88天；缓效性碳占总有机碳的23．0％～63．3％，33．2％～72．2％，平均驻留时间为4～70年、24～161年；惰效性碳占总有机碳的35．5％～75．5％．26．0％～65．%。表层土壤的总有机碳、活性碳、缓效性碳和惰效性碳含量都明显大于下层。凋落物的化学组成主要决定活性碳库、缓效性碳库含量，土壤的粘粒含量等性质主要决定惰效性碳库含量。     

南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的气态氮损失

采用田间试验研究了番茄地施用化学氮肥后的氨挥发、反硝化损失和N2O排放及其影响因素。氨挥发采用通气密闭室法测定，反硝化损失（N2＋N2O）采用乙炔抑制-土柱培养法测定，不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明，番茄生长期间全部处理均未检测到氨挥发，其原因是土表氨分压低于检测灵敏度，较低的氨分压是由于表层土壤的铵态氮浓度和pH都不高所致。在番茄生长期间，对照区即来自有机肥和土壤本身的反硝化损失和N2O℃排放量相当高，反硝化损失总量高达N29．6kghm^-2，N2O排放量为N7．76kghm^-2。施用化学氮肥显著增加了反硝化损失和N2O排放，3个施用化学氮肥处理的反硝化损失变化在N40．8～46．1kghm^-2之间，占施入化肥氮量的5．50％～6．01％；N2O排放量为N13．6～17．6kghm^-2，占施入化肥氮量的2．62％～4．92％；与尿素相比，包衣尿素未能显著减低反硝化损失和N2O排放。施用尿素的处理在每次追肥后，耕层土壤均会出现NO3^--N高峰，继之的反硝化和N2O排放高峰。反硝化速率与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。总的看来，番茄生长期间没有氨挥发，而硝化反硝化是氮素损失的重要途径之一。     

秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化及N2O排放的影响

运用乙炔抑制技术研究了不同施氮水平下秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化反应和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,土壤反硝化速率及N2O的排放受氮肥施用、秸秆处理方式及其交互作用的显著影响。与秸秆燃烧相比,不施氮或低施氮水平时,秸秆还田可刺激培养初期反硝化反应速率及N2O排放,增加培养期间N2O平均排放通量;高施氮水平时,秸秆还田可降低反硝化反应速率及反硝化过程中的N2O排放。秸秆还田可降低反硝化中N2O/N2的比例。