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801.
802.
土壤水分对棉花蕾铃脱落和纤维品质的影响 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
1991 ̄1995年在人工控制水分的条件下,研究不同生育阶段土壤对棉花蕾铃脱落与纤维品质的影响。研究发现,土壤水分不足或过大,均易造成雷铃脱落增加和品质下降。有利于增蕾保铃和提高纤维品质的土壤湿度,约相当于田间持水量的55% ̄75%。不同生育阶段的棉花蕾铃脱落率和对水分的敏感系数不同。蕾铃脱落对水分的敏感系数以开花盛期-吐絮期最大,蕾期相对较小。脱落率以开花盛期-吐絮期最大,开花-开花盛期次之,吐 相似文献
803.
环境变化对河北省水资源量的影响 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:6
分析了气候变化、地下水超采、地表径流及粮食产量变化等方面对水资源的影响,结论认为,在新一轮水资源评价中,要充分考虑环境变化对水资源量的影响,加强地下水位大埋深条件下地表产流量、地下水补给量以及作物产量水平提高对水资源影响的实验研究,以提高新一轮水资源评价成果的精度。 相似文献
804.
溶质施加方式对土壤溶质迁移的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过室内均质土柱试验 ,对不同灌水处理土壤中表施和灌施溶质的迁移规律进行了研究。结果表明 ,溶质施加方式和灌水频率对溶质迁移影响较大。次灌水量较大时 ,表施和灌施条件下溶质分布差异显著 ;当次灌水量很小且灌水非常频繁时 (如 6mm/ d) ,表施和灌施土壤中溶质 (NO- 3)分布差异不大。 相似文献
805.
通过大量事实分析了水土流失的危害及水土保持对农业可持续发展的作用,充分说明了水土保持是黄土高原农业走持续发展道路的可靠保证,也是改善生态环境和生产条件并防止山区水旱灾害,促进群众脱贫致富的根本途径。 相似文献
806.
水分类型对土壤排放的温室气体组成和综合温室效应的影响 总被引:34,自引:2,他引:34
实验室研究表明,土壤排放出的温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)组成及总理显著地受土壤水分类型和施用秸秆的影响。连续淹水条件下,土壤仅排放微理的N2O,但排放出大量的C睡C敢条件下,土壤不排放C上键合的但排放出大量的N2O;虽然淹水的土壤排水促进N2O排放,但显著抑制CH4的排放,淹水好气交替处理的土壤其排放的CO2、CH4和N2O均在好气和连续淹水之间。根据各种温室产生温室效应的相对潜力,计算土壤 相似文献
807.
Timothy A. Quine Gerard Govers Jean Poesen Des Walling Bas van Wesemael Jose Martinez-Fernandez 《Soil & Tillage Research》1999,51(3-4):279-301
Tillage erosion is increasingly recognised as an important soil erosion process on agricultural land. In view of its potential significance, there is a clear need to broaden the experimental database for the magnitude of tillage erosion to include a range of tillage implements and agricultural environments. The study discussed in this paper sought to address the need for such data by examining tillage erosion by a duckfoot chisel plough in stony soils on steep slopes in a semi-arid environment. Results of the investigation of coarse fraction (rock fragment) translocation by tillage in this environment have been presented elsewhere and the paper focuses on tillage translocation and erosion of the fine earth. Tillage translocation was measured at 10 sites, representing both upslope and downslope tillage by a duckfoot chisel plough on five different slopes, with tangents ranging from 0.02 to 0.41. A fine-earth tracer, comprising fine earth labelled with 134Cs, was introduced into the plough layer before tillage. After a single pass of the plough, incremental samples of plough soil were excavated and sieved to separate the fine earth from the rock fragments. Translocation of the fine-earth tracer was established by analysing the 134Cs content of the samples of fine earth. These data were used to establish translocation distances for each combination of slope and tillage direction. Translocation distances of the fine earth were not significantly different from translocation distances of the coarse fraction. For all sites, except uphill on the 0.41 slope, translocation distances were found to be linearly related to slope tangent. The soil flux due to tillage for each site was calculated using the translocation distance and the mass per unit area of the plough layer. For slopes with tangents <0.25, the relationship between soil flux and tangent was linear and the soil flux coefficient derived was 520–660 kg m−1 per pass. This is much larger than the coefficients found in other studies and this high magnitude is attributed to the non-cohesive nature and high rock fragment content of the soil in this investigation. A second contrast with previous studies was found in non-linearity in the relationship between soil flux and tangent when steeper slopes were included. This was a product of variation in plough depth between the steepest slopes and the remainder of the study area. On the basis of the study it is suggested that an improved understanding of tillage erosion may be obtained by considering the dual processes of tillage detachment (mass per unit area of soil subject to tillage) and tillage displacement (equivalent to translocation distance per pass) in assessing, comparing and modelling tillage translocation. An improved model is proposed that recognises the complexity of soil redistribution by tillage, provides a framework for process-based investigation of the controls on tillage fluxes, and allows identification of potential self-limiting conditions for tillage erosion. 相似文献
808.
Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review 总被引:45,自引:0,他引:45
L. Zelles 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1999,29(2):111-129
This review discusses the analysis of whole-community phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and the composition of lipopolysaccharides
in order to assess the microbial biomass and the community structure in soils. For the determination of soil microbial biomass
a good correlation was obtained between the total amount of PLFAs and the microbial biomass measured with methods commonly
used for determinations such as total adenylate content and substrate-induced respiration. Generally, after the application
of multivariate statistical analyses, whole-community fatty acid profiles indicate which communities are similar or different.
However, in most cases, the organisms accounting for similarity or difference cannot be determined, and therefore artefacts
could not be excluded. The fatty acids used to determine the biomass vary from those which determine the community structure.
Specific attention has to be paid when choosing extraction methods in order to avoid the liberation of fatty acids from non-living
organic material and deposits, and to exclude the non-target selection of lipids from living organisms, as well. By excluding
the fatty acids which were presumed to be common and widespread prior to multivariate statistical analysis, estimates were
improved considerably. Results from principal component analysis showed that determining the levels of fatty acids present
in both low and high concentrations is essential in order to correctly identify microorganisms and accurately classify them
into taxonomically defined groups. The PLFA technique has been used to elucidate different strategies employed by microorganisms
to adapt to changed environmental conditions under wide ranges of soil types, management practices, climatic origins and different
perturbations. It has been proposed that the classification of PLFAs into a number of chemically different subgroups should
simplify the evaluating procedure and improve the assessment of soil microbial communities, since then only the subgroups
assumed to be involved in key processes would be investigated.
Received: 24 August 1998 相似文献
809.
Defining the validity of a biochemical index of soil quality 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M. C. Leirós C. Trasar-Cepeda F. García-Fernández F. Gil-Sotres 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1999,30(1-2):140-146
The native soils of Galicia (NW Spain) exhibit a biochemical equilibrium such that total soil N is a function of five biochemical
and microbiological parameters: microbial biomass C, mineralized N, phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase and urease activities.
To investigate whether the ratio of the total N calculated from biochemical soil properties (Nc) and the total N as measured
by the Kjeldahl method (Nk; Nc/Nk) can be used as an index of soil quality, we determined these variables and consequently
the ratio in three kinds of disturbed soils: an artificially Cu-contaminated soil, two lignite mine soils, and a number of
arable soils. In none of the studied soils did the individual biochemical parameters respond consistently to the factors influencing
soil quality, but in all cases soil degradation was reflected by the Nc/Nk value, which differed more or less markedly from
100%. Nc/Nk can therefore be used for the rapid evaluation of soil degradation, since it distinguishes among biochemically
balanced soils, soils in a transient state of high microbiological and biochemical activity and degraded soils. It can also
serve as a reliable basis for the rapid calculation of the "ecological dose" (ED50) of soil pollutants. The use of Nc/Nk as an objective index of the biochemical quality of soils is recommended.
Received: 20 December 1998 相似文献
810.
Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions 总被引:33,自引:0,他引:33
Soil organic matter level, mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase
activities were studied in soils from a field experiment under a pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence receiving inorganic
fertilizers and a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments for the last 11 years. The amounts of soil organic
matter and mineralizable C and N increased with the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, there were greater increases
of these parameters when farmyard manure, wheat straw or Sesbania bispinosa green manure was applied along with inorganic fertilizers. Microbial biomass C increased from 147 mg kg–1 soil in unfertilized soil to 423 mg kg–1 soil in soil amended with wheat straw and inorganic fertilizers. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of soils
increased significantly with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments. The results indicate that soil
organic matter level and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil,
are enhanced by use of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizers.
Received: 6 May 1998 相似文献