滴灌水热调控对土壤温度及白菜生长和产量的影响

在日光温室内开展白菜滴灌试验,研究不同土壤温度调节方式和施氮量对土壤温度、白菜生长、氮素吸收和产量的影响。土壤温度调节方式设灌溉水加温、覆膜、覆膜后灌溉水加温和无调节4个水平,施氮量设置0、135和270kg/hm2 3个水平。结果表明:灌溉水加温能使灌水过程的土壤温度明显增加,且气温越低,增温效果越明显,在苗期、莲座期和结球期的灌水过程中增温幅度最大分别达到3.9、4.8和7.0℃,但在灌后土壤温度下降较快,对生育期内积温的提高效果有限。覆膜的保温作用在气温较高的生育前期和深层土壤中更为明显。将覆膜与灌溉水加温相结合可以取得很好的增温效果,在10、20和30cm土壤中整个生育期内的积温比无调节措施处理分别增加136、128和120℃。土壤温度调节措施对白菜株高和球形指数均无显著影响。覆膜和覆膜后灌溉水加温都能使生育前期的干物质累积量显著增加,施氮量较高时,土壤温度调节措施的影响也更加明显。不同的土壤温度调节措施都会带来白菜产量的显著增加,灌溉水加温、覆膜以及覆膜条件下灌溉水加温处理的产量分别比无调节处理增产3.9%、10.6%和11.1%。在秋冬白菜生产中,采用覆膜与灌溉水加温处理相结合的土壤温度的调节方式可以起到有效的增温和增产作用。     

波纹表面接触土壤颗粒动态响应仿真分析

为揭示波纹表面的降阻机制,以蚯蚓体表为研究对象,应用离散单元法对接触土壤颗粒动态响应进行仿真分析.仿真得出:波纹表面接触的土壤颗粒运动过程微观可分为“分散—团聚—分散”3个阶段,宏观表现为土壤与波纹试样之间形成孔隙;波纹表面接触颗粒的X向位移与试样的前进方向一致,呈线性增加,平均位移为60.33 mm,Y向速度随着波纹表面的凹凸起伏呈正弦变化、产生微震,且大于光滑表面接触颗粒振幅,波纹表面接触颗粒和波纹的接触位置直接决定受力的大小和方向.分析表明:波纹表面接触颗粒的运动幅度和频率大于光滑表面,颗粒产生微震,且波纹表面与土壤间存在孔隙,从而使得接触面积减小、阻力降低.     

土壤成分与特性参数光谱快速检测方法及传感技术

近红外光谱技术在分析土壤成分含量以及理化特性参数方面获得了良好的预测精度.人工神经网络、遗传算法、小波变换和支持向量机等现代数据处理算法的应用,最大限度消除了光谱外界干扰、提取了光谱有效信息,使得土壤特性参数预测分析模型更准确、稳定.在进行土壤参数原位实时光谱检测时,如何消除土壤含水率、土壤粒度等的影响,还需要技术突破.开发便携式或车载式农田土壤光谱实时分析仪,是促进精细农业实践的重要措施,已开发的车载式土壤在线光谱仪可以实现多个土壤参数的分析,并达到了相当高的精度.进一步开发多功能土壤在线检测系统,利用土壤介电特性或机械特性与光谱特性测量结果相互补偿与校正以消除误差并提高测量精度,是未来的发展方向之一.光声光谱、激光诱导击穿光谱和太赫兹光谱技术等现代光谱分析方法在土壤成分与特性参数分析方面表现出很强的能力,开展基础研究,揭示这些光谱技术在不同土壤类型、不同土壤成分条件下的吸收特征参数,是未来的研究方向.     

地基激光雷达提取单木冠层结构因子研究

在传统森林计测中,由于树木冠层的形态各异、结构复杂,往往难以精确获取结构因子。本文以地基激光雷达为工具,通过对单木扫描获取点云数据,基于球极平面投影和Lambert方位角等面积投影法计算冠层孔隙度,运用不规则面投影法和体元法提取树冠的体积和表面积,并对结果进行了对比分析。选取北京林业大学校园内6株立木为研究对象,结果表明,对于冠层孔隙度,球极平面投影的结果均小于Lambert方位角等面积投影,平均误差为0.03;对于体积和表面积,运用不规则面投影法和体元法得到树冠体积相对误差为5.32%~12.43%,平均相对误差为9.29%,提取的树冠表面积的相对误差为1.40%~5.21%,平均相对误差为3.33%。2种方法得到的结果差别不是很显著。因此利用地基激光雷达获取点云数据,通过对单木一次扫描提取冠层孔隙度、树冠体积和表面积,为计算树木的三维绿量、生物量、光合作用能力等提供了更可靠的数据支持。     

基于响应面法的旋流泵优化设计

以旋流泵最高效率、高效区范围及在小流量区的扬程-流量曲线稳定性为目标函数,先采用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选结构参数,并根据结构参数对目标函数的影响将其划分为3个等级:显著因素、次显著因素和非显著因素;再由中心复合设计和Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析确定各级结构参数的最优设计点.该方法以CFD计算结果为基础,构造旋流泵的结构参数与多目标函数的响应面近似模型,分析了结构参数间的交互效应.对最优设计点的泵进行了试验研究,试验结果与CFD计算值吻合,在设计工况下效率的相对误差为4.89％,且较优化前的模型在性能上有明显改善,表明基于试验设计和响应面法可用于旋流泵的优化设计.     

水稻对红壤中N、P的吸收利用

试验结果表明,当施氮量一定的情况下,增施磷、钾肥,氮肥利用率和水稻的产量都有显著的增加。谷粒产量和氮肥利用率为29.78g/盆和44.37％,分别比对照(单施氮肥)提高22.75％和9.62％。合理施用氮、钾肥,磷肥的利用率也有显著增加(为29.10％),比单施磷肥利用率提高6.88％。     

In situ net N transformations in pine,fir, and oak stands of different ages on acid sandy soil, 3 years after liming

Summary The effect of liming on in-situ N transformations was studied in two stands of different ages of each of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], and common oak (Quercus robur L.). The stands were located on acid sandy soils in an area with high atmospheric N input. The organic matter of the upper 10-cm layer of the soil, including the forest floor, had a relatively high N content (C: N ratio <25) in all stands. Using a sequential core technique, N transformations were measured in both control plots and plots that had been limed 3 years previously with 3 t ha^-1 of dolomitic lime. Limed plots had a higher net NO _inf3 ^sup- production and a higher potential for NO _inf3 ^sup- leaching than the controls in all stands except that of the younger oak. Net N mineralization did not differ significantly between limed and control plots in oak stands and younger coniferous stands but was significantly lower in the limed plots of the older coniferous stands. It is concluded that long-term measurements of net N mineralization in limed forest soils are needed to evaluate the effect of liming with respect to the risk of groundwater pollution.     

Influence of compost and lime on population structure and element concentrations of forest soil invertebrates

Summary We tested the effects of two organic fertilizers (composts) and lime on the soil fauna of a spruce stand. One compost was obtained from chopped wood and the other from household garbage. At the time of distribution the pH of the control plots averaged 3.2, the garbage compost had a pH of 7.5, and the wood compost of 6.2. During the experimental period the pH of the compost layers decreased. The pH of the former litter layer beneath the composts showed a steep increase after 5 months, but beneath the treatment with wood compost this effect did no persist. Liming increased the pH only slightly in the litter layer. The two types of compost, the litter layer, and lumbricids (Lumbricus rubellus) were analyzed for concentrations of essential and potentially toxic elements. The element burden was highest in the garbage compost with 7- to 11-fold concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Cu compared to the needle litter. K, Ba, and Ca were 4 times more concentrated. L. rubellus showed an increased Cu concentration after extraction from the highly contaminated sites of garbage compost. Despite the differences in Pb contamination in the needle litter and in the two compost types, all investigated individuals of L. rubellus contained similar concentrations of Pb. In contrast to Pb, Cd accumulated in this lumbricid. Seasonal fluctuations of microarthropods, their total abundance, and differences in the colonization of the compost layers were observed. Collembola abundance was significantly increased in the garbage compost plots in July 91. There were generally more Prostigmata in the control and limed plots than in the compost plots. Oribatid numbers fell under all treatments compared to the controls. Mesostigmata were identified to species level and 33 species were found in the experimental areas. Certain species, such as Arctoseius cetratus and Uropoda minima, were only found in the treated sites.     

Earthworm biomass response to soil management in semi-arid tropical Alfisol agroecosystems

Earthworms recorded during 1989–1993 across 15 soil management treatments, comprising three different tillagexthree organic amendments (bare, farmyard manure, and rice straw) and six perennial ley treatments, belonged to two endogeic species, Octochaetona phillotti (Michaelsen) and Lampito mauritii Kinberg, while in a nearby undisturbed natural revegetation area three species were found, including the above two and Octonochaeta rosea (Stephenson). The earthworm biomass showed significant temporal and spatial variations and was higher during the post monsoon period than in the early rainy season. No worm biomass was recorded during the dry season. In the tillage and organic amendment treatments, the biomass was drastically reduced from September 1989 to September 1991 after the application of carbofuran and some herbicides, and was significantly reduced during these two years compared to that of 1992. The maximum monthly earthworm biomass ranged between 2.5 and 17.9 g m^-2 across the treatments and increased several-fold in the nearby natural revegetation area (75.9 g m^-2). It significantly increased in perennial ley treatments compared to annual treatments with organic amendments. Thus the earthworm biomass varied significantly (P<0.01) across the 15 treatments, indicating discernible effects of soil management.Visiting Scientist (under the Rockefeller Foundation Environmental Research Fellowship in International Agriculture)     

我国东南丘陵山区土壤肥力的综合评价

土壤肥力是土壤的养分状况以及土壤在供应植物生理所需物质时所处的环境条件这两者的有机结合，本文根据模糊（Ｆｕｚｚｙ）数学和多元数理统计分析原理，建立了一个定量的土壤肥力综合评价方法。