Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

大学校园绿地土壤质量分析与综合评价

以江苏师范大学泉山校区内3个不同功能区的绿地土壤为研究对象,采用多元统计的主成份分析方法计算得出土壤质量因子4个主成份,再借助SPSS统计软件得出土壤质量指标权重值及其方差极大旋转后主成份因子得分,最后计算综合评价得分。结果表明:该校区绿地土壤质量情况总体上为中等,其中以校园生活区内的绿地土壤质量综合水平最高,实验区次之,教学区最低。     

土壤中重金属污染有效性评价

介绍了3种主要评价土壤中重金属污染物有效性的方法,包括指数法、富集系数法、污染损失率法,并对3种评价方法的优缺点进行了论述,认为各种方法相辅相成,不能相互代替.在评价重金属污染有效性时,首先要清楚评价的目的,然后才能选择合适的评价方法.     

广东省砖红壤旱地土壤养分状况的网室调查

应用Hunter介绍的技术,对广东省砖红壤早地11个样本进行了土壤养分状况的网室调查,结果表明,砖红壤旱地土壤中氮、磷缺乏非常严重,减氮、减磷处理减产50％左右,钾则在花岗岩发育的土壤效果很明显,其他母质减钾处理减产30％或更少,石灰是一个重要的限制因素,pH5.0以下的土壤,其影响不亚于氟、磷、镁是一个普遍有效的元素,施镁可增产16％～40％。该类土壤不缺硫,施硫没有显著效果。微量元素要注意施用钢,11个样本中有6个效应显著,这类土壤施用硼、钼,锌效果一般,需要量多的作物可以考虑,至于铁、锰,这类土壤本身不缺乏,施用投有效果。     

豆科与禾本科绿肥饲草作物混播增肥及改土效果研究

采用四因素单形重心混料设计,对豆科与禾本科绿肥作物混播增肥改土效果及其混播技术进行研究,结果表明:箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子混播为最佳混播方式,其用种量为箭筈豌豆75.0kg/hm2、毛苕子30kg/hm2、谷子20kg/hm2,在小麦扬花期撒播,鲜草产量可达36138kg/hm2,较单播箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子分别增产34.6%、1.9%、156.3%;鲜根量可达3534kg/hm2,较单播箭筈豌豆、毛苕子、谷子分别增加81.4%、67.2%、28.9%。混播区较单播区土壤有机质含量增加0.148～0.43g/kg,全氮增加-0.04～0.11g/kg,碱解氮增加2.1mg/kg,速效磷增加1mg/kg,全磷基本保持平衡,土壤容重减轻0.01～0.02g/cm3,土壤孔隙度提高0.33%～0.66%。     

内蒙古地区草地表层土壤容重空间格局分析

本文以内蒙古地区草地表层土壤容重调查测定数据为基础,结合遥感和气候多重数据,进行草地土壤容重与海拔、年均气温、年均降雨、≥10℃积温、湿润度和NDVI等6个生态要素之间的回归分析。根据回归拟合方程,借助ArcGIS平台进行单因素插值,并通过插值预测结果与实测数据的拟合程度进行各因素对土壤容重影响的权重分析,加权叠加并综合插值出内蒙古草地土壤容重1 km×1 km栅格的空间分布图。结果表明：内蒙古地区草地土壤容重平均值为1.45 g·cm^-3,其中温性荒漠类草地的土壤容重最大,为1.58 g·cm^-3,温性草甸草原类土壤容重最小,为1.27 g·cm^-3;空间格局上,草地表层土壤容重自东向西方向呈现由低到高逐渐递增的趋势。综合插值得到的内蒙古草地表层土壤容重空间格局图,通过预测值与实测值之间的复相关性检验,其复相关系数R²=0.6739,均方根误差（RMSE）为0.1424 g·cm^-3,总体偏差为9.77%,平均预测精度达90.23%。综合空间插值结果较好地反映了内蒙古地区土壤容重空间分布情况,与土壤类型和草地类型的分布基本吻合。     

盐化潮土不同农田土壤养分和土壤酶活性研究

对天津近郊盐化潮土不同农田中土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和土壤养分进行了分析研究。结果表明,不同农田中土壤养分含量和酶活性存在显著差异。农田土壤养分和土壤酶活性不仅具有垂直分布的规律而且土壤酶活性和土壤养分显著相关。主成分分析提取了转化酶综合因子和全氮因子。转化酶可作为盐化潮土不同农田中土壤养分的肥力指标。     

河南烟区土壤养分状况分析

对河南烟区435个土壤样品进行分析,结果表明:土壤阳离子交换量平均值为135.6 mmol/kg,pH值平均值为7.18,各养分含量分别为有机质13.03 g/kg、有效氮59.45 mg/kg、有效磷13.93 mg/kg、有效钾142.94 mg/kg、水溶性氯35.75 mg/kg。针对河南省烟区植烟土壤养分状况,提出了稳氮、增磷、补钾、降氯的施肥措施,并应适当调节烟区土壤pH值。     

土壤特性对大麻纤维产量和品质的影响

通过对多处麻田的定点观测和取样测定 ,分析了栽培大麻的主要土壤类型和土壤条件 ,明确了影响大麻纤维产量和品质的主要土壤理化因素及相关程度。     

生物黑炭输入对果园土壤性状及活性有机碳的影响

为了解生物黑炭施用对果园土壤质量的改良效果,采用田间试验研究了不同生物黑炭施入量对果园土壤性状及活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:施用生物黑炭提高了果园土壤含水量、总氮含量及pH值,降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤微生物生物量碳含量。与对照相比,生物黑炭处理的土壤含水量及总氮含量分别提高3.26%～25.61%和61.22%～87.76%,pH值提高0.03～0.30个单位,土壤容重降低13.13%～19.38%,土壤微生物生物量碳含量提高84.34%～107.55%。