Long term fertilization effects on ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit yield and shape on a heavy textured calcareous soil

Fertilizer recommendations for citrus production on heavier textured, calcareous soils increase with the age of the tree up to 168 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from a soluble source in one or two applications. Such practices may be inefficient and could cause detrimental effects on fruit quality. A variety of fertilization practices are used in South Texas, and additional evaluation is needed. Rates and sources of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and a commercial program consisting of both a soil component containing organic acids and a foliar component were evaluated on grapefruit production for 6 years. Increasing rate of N application increased leaf nutrient concentration, grapefruit yield, and affected fruit shape as indicated by a decrease in the equatorial:polar diameter (E:P) ratio. Since the response to increasing N application by the E:P ratio was linear while grapefruit yield was quadratic, high N application has a negative effect on fruit shape beyond the level of increasing total yield. Phosphorus application had no effect on any parameter measured, even though soil testing indicated soil P levels were below those at which a P response would be expected. Comparisons between granular 21-0-0 applied broadcast and liquid N-32 injected in a band in the soil at the drip line showed an increase in the number of fruit per tree, but no differences in yield. The ‘Actagro’ program greatly improved available soil P levels and increased the juice brix:acidity ratio, but did not affect grapefruit yield. Phosphorus availability may therefore be a factor in improving grapefruit juice quality. The soil profile within the citrus root zone was found to contain large amounts of inorganic N, but availability of this residual N was limited since yield responses occurred at the N application rates applied in this study. The amount of N contained in the fruit harvested was a small fraction, roughly 5–10%, of the residual amount in the soil. While N uptake in the fruit increased with N fertilizer application, the increase in N taken up relative to the amount applied averaged 42%.     

汉源金花梨果园土壤和果实中重金属元素含量的测定分析

采用原子吸收法测定了汉源县7个地点的金花梨果园土壤和果实中重金属元素Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb的含量.将测定结果与中华人民共和国农业行业标准中的相关标准值进行分析比较.结果表明:7个采样地点中土壤重金属元素Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb的含量均小于标准值,果实中只有2个地点的Cd元素含量略微高于国家标准值,分别为标准值上限的165.67%和160.33%.相关性分析则表明土壤和果实中重金属元素之间并没有太大的相关性.     

浅析屋顶花园的生态功能

以屋顶绿化为研究对象,探讨屋顶绿化的生态功能。屋顶绿化具有降低能源消耗、缓解"热岛"效应、雨水收集、改善屋顶的物理性能、降温降燥、增加CO2固化效果、保护生物多样性等生态功能。屋顶绿化生态效益明显,顺应可持续发展的潮流,将会成为本世纪的重要产业之一。     

蔬菜连作对土壤生物化学性质的影响

综合分析了由蔬菜连作导致土壤条件恶化引起的土壤生物化学性质变化.分别从土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌的变化阐述土壤微生物种群与数量的变化,从土壤脲酶活性、转化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、磷酸酶活性等土壤酶活性的变化论述了连作对土壤酶活性的影响.并分析了连作条件下,植物残体和根系分泌物产生的自毒作用.     

芒果叶片生化特性与炭疽病发生的关系

研究了芒果叶片生化特性与炭疽病发生之间的关系。田间自然发病调查和室内人工接种鉴定结果均表明,随着芒果叶片由最初的古铜色向淡绿色和深绿色叶片的逐渐成熟老化,抗病性逐渐增强。对芒果叶片表面蜡质层和叶内可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、总酚含量及细胞膜相对透性的测定结果表明,与淡绿色叶片和老叶相比较,古铜色叶片含有较少的表面蜡质、叶内可溶性糖和总酚含量及较多的游离氨基酸,推断古铜色叶片对病害的易感性可能与其叶面蜡质和叶内总酚含量较少、叶内可溶性糖和游离氨基酸的比值(C/N比)较低有关。     

增施氮肥和地面管理对酸樱桃园土壤营养状况的影响

在一个连续进行了 ８年Ｎ肥定位试验的酸樱桃园,调查了每年施用 Ｎ６０ ｋｇ· ｈｍ~(－２)和行间生草制对土壤营养状况的影响。结果表明：在肥沃土壤里ＮＨ_４~＋是速效Ｎ的主要存在形式,而ＮＯ_３~－的含量很低。生草地土壤中含有较多的 ＮＨ_４~－,而清耕带土壤中含有较多的 ＮＯ_３~－。施肥增加土壤速效 Ｎ的含量。土壤 ＮＯ_３~－的季节性变化表明 ５至 ６月份土壤中 ＮＯ_３~－的含量高,而花前和 ７月份土壤中 ＮＯ_３~－含量低。 Ｐ、Ｋ在清耕带 １０ ｃｍ以下土壤的含量低于生草地土壤,但在 ０～ １０ｃｍ土层中Ｋ的含量高于生草地。Ｐ的含量不受影响。施Ｎ减少了土壤Ｐ、Ｋ的含量。土壤中Ｍｇ的含量分布均匀,不受施Ｎ和地面管理制度的影响。     

Tracking fungi in soil with monoclonal antibodies

Species of the genus Trichoderma are ubiquitous soil-borne fungi that exhibit antagonism towards a number of economically important plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. This review discusses recent developments in the use of monoclonal antibodies to detect these fungi in their natural soil environments and to quantify their population dynamics during antagonistic interactions with saprotrophic competitors in soil-based systems. Immunological approaches to detection and quantification are examined in relation to conventional plate enrichment techniques and to nucleic acid-based procedures. An example of recent research using a mAb-based assay to quantify the effects of saprotrophic competition on the growth of Trichoderma isolates in mixed species, soil-based, microcosms is presented. Future technological developments in immunoassays for tracking Trichoderma populations in soil are discussed and results presented showing the accurate detection and visualization of a plant growth-promoting isolate of T. hamatum in the rhizosphere of lettuce using mAb-based immunodiagnostic assays.     

砒砂岩地区沙棘根系改良土壤作用

以砒砂岩区林龄为2a-8a的沙棘群落为研究对象,在野外调查与室内分析的基础上,对沙棘群落根系改良土壤的效果进行了分析。结果表明：沙棘群落的根系可快速增加土体中〉0．01mm微团粒的数量,并使土壤容重有所降低;同时明显地提高土壤中有机质、N、P、K等化学元素的含量,从而协调供应养分和水分的能力提高,改善了土壤的营养状况及结构;有效的改善了砒砂岩区的生态环境和减少了砒砂岩区的水土流失。     

混杂纤维轻骨料混凝土压拉性能及强度预测

为了研究混杂纤维对浮石轻骨料混凝土力学性能的影响,对聚丙烯纤维掺量为0.6 kg/m³,改变纤维素纤维掺量的6组浮石轻骨料混凝土试块进行立方体抗压和劈裂抗拉试验.结果表明：立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度都先升高后降低.劈裂抗拉强度增加显著,最优掺量时为3.2 MPa,比基准组增加了77.8%,纤维掺入可以有效阻止裂缝发展并起到增强增韧的作用.最优掺量为聚丙烯纤维掺量0.6 kg/m³,纤维素纤维0.9 kg/m³,此时拉压比相比基准组提高了57.7%,显著改善了其脆性;最优掺量时3,7,14 d早期强度比基准组分别提高了25.2%,20.7%,15.6%.纤维素纤维对早期强度影响较大,根据其力学特性,提出了天然浮石轻骨料混凝土28 d立方体抗压强度的计算公式,并与其他公式进行了对比验证.采用BP神经网络对28 d强度进行预测,并用预测数据对抗压强度计算公式进行验证,验证结果良好.     

不同水稻品种在陕北盐碱地的适宜性

陕北定边县部分盐碱地培育和筛选适宜盐碱地种植的水稻品种,对于盐碱地的利用和生态环境的改善有着重要意义．在定边县堆子梁镇营盘梁村开展大田试验,设置 4 个处理 T1,T2,T3 和 T4,分别为隆优 619、宁靖 28、东稻 4 号、水稻 FL478,均采用井水作为灌溉水源,以研究不同品种水稻种植对盐碱土壤理化性质、养分、土壤离子变化、水稻生长状况以及产量的影响．结果表明: 与种植水稻前相比,各处理土壤 pH 值和全盐质量比均有不同程度降低( P<0.05,P<0.01) ．种植水稻后,各处理促进了土壤黏粒含量的降低、粉粒含量的提高,而砂粒含量均有所降低．各处理土壤有机质质量比和全氮质量比均有不同程度提高( P<0.01) ,但有效磷和速效钾质量比显著降低( P<0.05) ． 处理 T1,T2,T3 和 T4 的土壤耕作层有机质质量比较种植水稻前分别提高219.87%,398.34%,218.91% 和 277. 53%; 全氮质量比分别提高 150. 00%,300. 00%,160. 71% 和29.23%．各处理 Ca²⁺,Mg