杉木连栽地土壤的细菌群落结构与其特性的关系研究

探究不同连栽代数杉木人工林土壤细菌群落结构的多样性变化与土壤物理化学性质的相关性。在测定不同连栽代数杉木人工林土壤理化性质的基础上,利用高通量测序技术,测定土壤细菌数量与群落结构的多样性,并分析土壤细菌数量、群落结构的多样性与土壤理化性质间的相关性。结果表明：随着连栽代数的增加,杉木人工林土壤容重呈上升趋势,而土壤pH、全碳、全氮、总孔隙度体积等理化性质均呈下降趋势。不同连栽代数杉木人工林土壤细菌的优势门类为酸杆菌门、变形菌门、浮霉菌门、绿弯菌门;主要纲类有DA052、酸杆菌纲、α-变形菌纲、浮霉菌纲;优势目类为DA052 uncultured bacterium、酸杆菌目、红螺旋菌目、根瘤菌目、浮霉菌目。随着连栽代数增加,酸杆菌门、DA052纲相对丰度逐渐降低,而变形菌门、酸杆菌目、红螺旋菌目、根瘤菌目相对丰度则随连栽代数增加呈上升趋势。土壤细菌群落的群落指数Ace和群落指数Chao1均以1代杉木人工林为最高;土壤TK、TC、TN、TP、pH、毛管孔隙体积、含水量、土壤容重对主要细菌门、纲、目类相对丰度作用较大。群落指数Ace、群落指数Chao1、群落指数Simpson、群落指数Shannon分别与土壤容重、TP、TN、TC、含水量、非毛管孔隙体积、总孔隙度体积呈显著的相关性。     

土壤水分胁迫对生菜幼苗部分生理指标的影响

选取生长势一致的生菜幼苗进行4种不同的土壤水分处理,测定叶片中叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫程度的加剧,幼苗叶片中的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量与对照相比均显著减少;干旱胁迫处理第16天时,完全不浇水处理的脯氨酸含量(2.61μg/g)为对照处理脯氨酸含量(1.70μg/g)的1.53倍,完全不浇水处理可溶性糖含量(13620.53μg/g)为对照处理的(5 883.06μg/g)的2.32倍,丙二醛含量也显著增加。     

Estimating “autotrophic” belowground respiration in spruce and beech forests: decreases following girdling

Seasonal fluxes of CO₂ from soil and the contribution of autotrophic (root + mycorrhizal) to total soil respiration (SR) were estimated for a mixed stand of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Central Europe. Mature trees of each species were girdled in August 2002 to eliminate carbohydrate allocation to roots. SR was measured at distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5/2.0 m from the bole of each tree at 1–2 weeks intervals throughout the fall of 2002 and monthly during the spring and summer of 2003. The contribution of roots and mycorrhizae to total SR was estimated by the decrease in SR compared to ungirdled control trees to account for seasonal patterns evident in controls. SR decreased with soil temperature in the fall 2002 and increased again in 2003 as soil warmed. During most of the study period, SR was strongly related to soil temperature. During the dry summer of 2003, however, SR appeared to be uncoupled from temperature and was strongly related to soil water content (SWC). Mean rates of SR in beech and spruce control plots as well as root densities did not show a clear pattern with distance from the bole. SR decreased to levels below controls in beech within a few days after girdling, whereas spruce did not show a significant decrease until October 2002, 6 weeks after girdling. In both beech and spruce, decreased SR in response to girdling was greatest closest to the bole, possibly reflecting increased mycorrhizal activity close to the bole. Autotrophic respiration was estimated in beech to be as much as 50% of the total SR in the stand. The contribution of autotrophic respiration was less certain for spruce, although close to the bole, the autotrophic fraction may contribute to total SR as much as in beech. The large fraction of autotrophic respiration in total SR requires better understanding of tree level stresses that affect carbon allocation below ground.     

亚麻籽胶对面团流变性质的影响及其在面条加工中的应用

该文重点研究了添加亚麻籽胶对面粉的粉质特性、面团的流变性质以及面条品质的影响。粉质特性的结果表明,添加亚麻籽胶使面团的吸水率增加,面团的形成时间和稳定时间延长,弱化度降低,使面团的稳定性更好。动态流变性质和超微结构的显微观察表明,添加亚麻籽胶后,亚麻籽胶的网络结构加固了面筋蛋白的网络结构,因而面团的稳定时间和粘弹性均能提高。质构分析的结果表明,添加亚麻籽胶使面条烹煮后的硬度和咀嚼度提高,并具有较好的弹性和拉伸性能,面条的烹煮损失和面汤浊度降低,因而亚麻籽胶可用于面制品中以改善其食用品质。     

松华坝水源地不同植被土壤特性及水源涵养功能

根据松华坝水源地的实际情况,按不同植被类型选择了次生林地、人工林地、园地、耕地四种类型,共挖取36个典型剖面进行采样调查,分别对其进行土壤物理性质、有机质和贮水特性的测定。结果表明,次生林地的水源涵养功能最好,人工林地的最差;次生林转变为人工林、园地的植被变化过程是流域内水源涵养功能恶化的主因。     

基于铅稳定同位素的多金属复合污染土壤源解析新思路——以西南地区某矿区农田为例

本文以我国西南某矿区典型多金属复合污染农田土壤为例,基于铅(Pb)稳定同位素分析,结合矿物学分析,对土壤Pb来源进行定量解析,并针对其他重金属来源进行外推。同位素源解析结果表明,人为源对于土壤重金属的贡献率高达61%～89%,矿渣浸沥与矿区道路扬尘为主要的污染途径。矿物学分析能够辅助印证Pb稳定同位素分析结果,在一定程度上克服由于污染源信号重叠造成的源解析困难。通过相关分析,可以将Pb同位素源解析的结果合理外推,在一定程度上解释其他重金属元素的来源。本文提出的源解析新思路能够高效、准确地解析多金属复合污染土壤中重金属元素的来源,尤其适用于我国土壤多金属复合污染集中连片存在、成因复杂的现状,具有很强的现实意义。     

硼在土壤中的吸附-解吸及其对植物吸收硼的影响

本文对湖北省几种主要旱地土壤进行了硼的吸附－解吸实验,同时对这些土壤上油菜幼苗吸收硼进行了试验,并用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ和Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附方程对实验结果进行了拟合。从中发现,一些土壤硼的解吸存在着明显的滞后解吸现象,这种现象可用滞后系数来定性描述。     

Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) resistance and immune characteristics of pig lines generated by crossing an MPS pulmonary lesion selected Landrace line and a highly immune capacity selected Large White line

To understand the influence of crossbreeding on Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) resistance and immune characteristics, two crossbred lines were characterized. One crossbred line, LaWa, was generated by crossing the MPS pulmonary lesion selected Landrace line (La) and the highly immune‐selected Large White line (Wa). The second crossbred line, LaWb, was generated by crossing the La line and the nonselected Large White line (Wb). The crossbred LbWb line (nonselected Landrace line × nonselected Large White line) and the La line were used as controls. The LaWa and LaWb lines had an intermediate level of MPS lung lesions between La and LbWb lines, although the difference was not statistically significant. After stimulation with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), the LaWb and LaWa lines showed immune characteristics similar to that of the La line; the number of monocytes in peripheral blood increased, while B cells, T cells, secretion of SRBC‐specific immunoglobulin G, and interleukin (IL)‐13 decreased. Additionally, the number of natural killer (NK) cells and the expression of IL‐4 and IL‐17 were significantly higher in the LaWb and LaWa lines, respectively. These data suggested that crossbreeding of La and Wa lines resulted in the inheritance of some of the selected immune responses.     

绿洲春小麦调亏灌溉对土壤磷素养分的影响研究

对甘肃省河西绿洲灌区春小麦调亏灌溉两年后土壤速效磷和全P变化进行了研究,并采用配对样本t检验(双尾检验)对小麦收获时土壤P素养分指标年际间的差异及其与全生育期调亏供水量、速效磷与全P的关系进行了回归分析。结果发现,春小麦调亏灌溉对土壤P素养分有显著影响,0~20cm和0~40cm土层土壤全P量和速效磷均与小麦全生育期供水量呈线性正相关;土壤速效磷随着全P量的增加呈线性增加趋势。且小麦全生育期供水量与土壤全P量和速效磷及速效磷与全P量的关系0~20cm和0~40cm土层极为一致。     

Effect of differently post-treated dewatered sewage sludge on β-glucosidase activity,microbial biomass carbon,basal respiration and carbohydrates contents of soils from limestone quarries

This work has evaluated the effects of thermally dried (TDS) or composted (CDS) dewatered sewage sludge on β-glucosidase activity, total (TCH) and extractable (ECH) carbohydrate content, microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration of soils from limestone quarries under laboratory conditions. Two doses (low and high) of the dewatered sludge (DS) or of the respective TDS or CDS were applied to a clayey and a sandy soil, both coming from working quarries. The soil mixtures and the controls (soils with no added sludge) were incubated for 9 months at 25°C and 30% of field capacity. The addition of sludge increased all the studied soil parameters, and the increase depended on the amount of sludge. Except in the case of TCH and ECH, the enhancing effect decreased with time, but at the end of incubation, parameters of the treated soils were higher than those of the control. The rank order of the initial stimulating effect was soil–TDS ≥ soil–DS ≥ soil–CDS, and probably, this order depended on the proportion of stable organic matter, which was the lowest in the TDS. Values of metabolic quotient (qCO₂) were higher at the lower dose, and they did not change during incubation in the CDS-treated soils. Both TCH and ECH were the parameters with the greatest significant sludge and dose effects. Basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon and β-glucosidase activity were the best measured parameters in distinguishing the long-term effects of the three sludge types over the soils.