农田气象条件下阿特拉津在土壤中淋溶动态的数值模拟

阿特拉津(Atrazine)是我国华北地区夏玉米田常用的除草剂,而夏玉米生育期又是该地区的主要降雨时段,对这一时段Atrazine在田间尺度的淋溶风险进行评价,对保护浅层地下水环境具有重要意义。以北京市通州区永乐店试验站一块27 m×27 m的农田为背景,通过田间采样、测试分析土壤样品并收集2001年的气象数据,基于简化土壤水三维流场的柱模型假设,在同时考虑土壤水力学参数、Atrazine运移和吸附参数空间变异性的情况下,对该农药在农田尺度下淋溶动态的空间分布进行了数值模拟。在此基础上,对夏玉米不同生育期耕层20 cm深度处的土壤水负压、水流通量和Atrazine浓度的空间变异结构进行了地质统计学分析。结果表明,在整个夏玉米生育期内这三个参量的半方差模型基本上为球状模型,它们的变程多在8~10 m。本研究案例对布设农田尺度土壤水分和Atrazine动态监控网具有一定的参考意义。     

大兴安岭不同冻土带土壤动物生态地理研究

2003年6月、8月、10月对大兴安岭不同冻土带选择沼泽、柳丛、耕地、次生林群落进行土壤动物调查，共获土壤动物39225只，隶属于4门8纲24目。由对大型、中小型及湿生三类土壤动物的数量分析可知，三类土壤动物数量的变化在群落间并不总是成正相关的关系。水平分布调查表明，中小型土壤动物的个体数量和类群数量从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐减少，该分布与土壤动物分布的一般规律（土壤动物分布通常符合纬度地带性分布规律，即由低纬向高纬逐渐减少）一致，但大型土壤动物的个体数量、类群数和生物量基本上从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐增加（即由低纬向高纬逐渐增加），湿生动物的数量也如此分布，这与土壤动物分布的一般规律不一致甚至相悖，这一特点表现出生态系统局部-区域相互关系的复杂性；土壤动物的类群数、个体数量与土壤有机质、全氮的含量呈明显的正相关；垂直分布调查表明，中小型土壤动物的个体数量和类群数量分布表现出明显的表聚性，但大型土壤动物的个体数量与生物量最大值出现在第二层；土壤动物多样性分析表明，中小型土壤动物的多样性指数从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐减小，而大型土壤动物的多样性指数在不同冻土带间的变化规律不明显。     

供氮形态和水分胁迫对苗期—分蘖期水稻光合与水分利用效率的影响

采用室内营养液培养及聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫处理的方法,在3种供氮形态(NH4+/NO3-比为100/0,50/50和0/100)和2种水分条件(非水分胁迫及水分胁迫)下,研究了水稻苗期—分蘖期的生长及其水分利用效率。结果表明,苗期—分蘖期水稻在非水分胁迫条件下,NH4+/NO3-比为50/50处理(NH4+、NO3-混合处理)的生物量最大,比单一供NH4+-N和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高49.63%和63.25%。而在水分胁迫条件下,单一供NH4+-N的处理生物量最大,比NH4+、NO3-混合处理和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高5.76%和484.0%;单一供NH4+-N其水分利用效率也最高,比NH4+、NO3-混合处理和单一供NO3--N的处理分别高11.36%和81.63%,而比非水分胁迫条件下的相应处理高12.39%。此外,单一供NH4+-N较单一供NO3--N的处理水稻有较强的抗旱性,主要与其能保持相对较高的叶绿素含量、叶面积、分蘖数和净光合速率有关。     

用径流小区法研究不同耕作措施对土壤侵蚀的影响

用径流小区方法,研究了不同耕作措施对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:B处理(沿等高线 薄膜覆盖 秸秆覆盖 开沟种植)能有效地减少土壤侵蚀,维护土壤耕作层,可促进农业的可持续发展。处理B、A、C总的径流量分别比处理D(CK)减少79.13%、69.76%、50.61%,总的侵蚀量减少的比例分别为86.81%、72.75%、50.90%。     

辽宁典型工矿区与污灌区土壤重金属污染状况及原因

对辽宁省几个典型工矿区以及污灌区土壤重金属污染状况进行调查研究,结果表明:调查区土壤重金属含量绝大多数高于土壤背景值,尤其工矿区附近土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和污灌区的Cd、Hg的污染状况应该引起足够的重视;重金属元素间存在着一定的伴生规律;土壤中重金属污染物主要来源于工矿开发、废岩、尾矿泥、大气飘尘以及污水灌溉等。     

胶结物质驱动的土壤团聚体形成过程与稳定机制

团聚体是土壤的基本组成单元,影响着土壤水、气、热及养分的保持和运移。胶结物质在团聚体形成过程中起关键作用,但不同类型胶结物质在土壤团聚体中所起作用与机理尚缺乏系统总结。本论文回顾了土壤团聚体相关的关键理论,梳理了不同地理环境与人为活动下土壤团聚体中胶结物质类型、形态、转化与作用机制,探讨了胶结物质对土壤团聚体结构与稳定性的影响,提出了胶结物质驱动的土壤团聚体自组织形成过程模型,阐明了土壤团聚体的形成与转化机制。最后对土壤团聚体研究领域未来的发展进行展望,特别是在土壤团聚体的原位分析方法、土壤团聚体形成过程的定量化描述、土壤团聚体稳定性在景观尺度上的空间结构、良好土壤结构体培育的产品与技术研发等方面还有待加强。这些工作的开展将对培育良好土壤团聚体、揭示土壤物质循环与演化过程、提高土壤质量和生产力等具有重要的科学意义和生产实践价值。     

Assessing long term effects of compost fertilization on soil fertility and nitrogen mineralization rate

Background

Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated.

Aim

This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency.

Methods

After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, N_min, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent net mineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated.

Results

N efficiency was the highest in maize and for mineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlated with soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha^–1 year^–1 and 19.5 kg K ha^–1 year^–1 resulted in 1 mg kg^–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years.

Conclusion

Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soil-accumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of N mineralization occurred during the growth period.     

Do enchytraeid worms and habitat corridors facilitate the colonisation of habitat patches by soil microbes?

Due to their high abundance and ubiquitous existence, microbes are considered to be efficient colonisers of newly established habitats. To shed light on the dispersal mechanisms of soil microbes, a controlled microcosm experiment was established. In these microcosms, the dispersal of microbes from a source humus patch to originally sterile humus patches (embedded in a mineral soil matrix) was followed for 16 months, applying 16S and 18S ribosomal DNA-based PCR-DGGE molecular methods. Specifically, the role of enchytraeid worms and habitat (humus) corridors as possible facilitators of microbe dispersal was studied. The results showed that enchytraeid worms function efficiently as vectors for horizontal dispersal of saprophytic fungi in soil. Some of the fungi also proved to disperse through the corridors by vegetative growth, although this dispersal was inefficient as compared to dispersal with the enchytraeids. Virtually no saprophytic fungi were able to disperse through the mineral soil matrix in the absence of both enchytraeid worms and corridors. Unlike soil fungi, the dispersal of soil bacteria was not affected by any of the studied factors. The results of the present experiment provide direct evidence of the crucial role of soil fauna in aiding the horizontal dispersal of soil fungi. The role of enchytraeids as a functionally important species in boreal forest soils is further emphasized, since bringing microbes into contact with new resources is likely to enhance the rate of decomposition in soils.     

青藏高原中部土壤水中稳定同位素变化

根据 1 998年夏季测得的青藏高原中部那曲地区降水和土壤水中稳定同位素 ,分析了不同层位土壤剖面中稳定同位素的变化规律及与水分迁移的关系。研究结果发现 ,土壤表层水中δ1 8O受降水中δ1 8O的直接影响 ,并且与降水中δ1 8O有相同的变化趋势 ,而地下水中δ1 8O受降水中δ1 8O的直接影响不明显 ,变化幅度很小 ,表明地下水并非直接来源于当年夏季的降水 ,可能代表了多年降水的平均状态。不同土壤剖面水中δ1 8O的变化反映了降水向地下逐渐渗浸的过程。表层土壤水中δ1 8O受降水的影响最为明显 ,而向下土壤水中δ1 8O受地下水δ1 8O的影响增强 ,显示出地下水在土壤水分活动中起着活跃的作用。     

基于光谱技术的水稻叶片氮素测定仪的开发

在理论分析的基础上设计开发了一套基于光谱技术的水稻叶片SPAD值和氮素测定仪。该测定仪主要包括光路部分、调理电路和控制与数据采集器等。光路部分包括光源、检测点以及光电传感器等元器件,主要作用是：控制光源的亮灭、收集透过叶片光线、将光信号转换为电信号;调理电路主要将所得微弱电信号进行电流电压转换以及放大到合适的幅度;控制与数据采集器包括AD转换电路,液晶显示电路和SD卡存储电路。对该测定仪的性能进行了测试,试验分为两步：先建立AD采样电压信号与SPAD值之间的模型,然后建立SPAD值与氮素之间的模型。经过大量的试验测得：传感器转换的电压信号与SPAD值之间存在很高的相关性（R2 =0.956）,SPAD值与氮含量建立的模型的决定系数为R2 =0.802,结合以上两种模型得到该仪器的氮素模型的决定系数为R2 =0.766。该仪器适合用于田间水稻叶片氮素含量的快速测量。