长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO_2的响应(英文)

研究了2003 年夏季长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO2的响应规律。结果表明,长白赤松和红松土壤细菌数量受高浓度CO2影响显著(p < 0.05)减少;与对照箱(350 μmol ·mol-1 CO2)和裸地(350 μmol ·mol-1 CO2)相比,红松土壤淀粉酶和转化酶活性降低,而长白赤松土壤淀粉酶和转化酶活性却表现为增加;同时发现受700 μmol ·mol-1 CO2处理的红松和长白赤松土壤微生物生物量碳均表现为显著降低。DGGE 结果表明:受高浓度CO2 的影响,长白赤松和红松土壤细菌群落结构发生了明显的变化。研究结果表明土壤微生物对高浓度CO2的响应规律与所研究的的树种有关。图2 表2 参29。     

Do rates of litter decomposition tell us anything we really need to know?

Results of several long-term studies of non-woody litter decomposition in forests indicate that we need to rethink why and how we measure rates of litter decomposition. Effects on litter decomposition rates were postulated to explain some of the nutritional effects of factors such as tree species, forest harvesting and fertilization. However, the accumulated experimental evidence indicates that litter decomposition rates do not mediate these responses. Many studies have reported litter mass loss becoming extremely slow at values considerably below 100%, indicating that early decay rates may not accurately foreshadow the entire decay process. Exclusion of soil faunal activities from current measurements of decomposition rates seriously reduces the likelihood that we are properly modeling decomposition. Finally, the use of regression and correlation analyses to determine which climate or initial litter quality factors control decay rate has led to many unwarranted and potentially misleading conclusions. These concerns are illustrated with examples from a suite of litter decomposition studies in British Columbia, Canada. Insights into nutrient cycling and carbon storage in ecosystems are more likely to arise from measuring the mass and nutrient content of annual litter input and determining the maximum decomposition limit and nutrient content at that stage, than by measuring early rates of decay. Improved predictions of relative decay rates of plant litters are likely to arise from a holistic approach based on plant life attributes rather than correlations based on individual initial litter chemistry parameters. Finally, a better understanding of the fate of faecal material of soil fauna is necessary before we can accurately predict and model litter decomposition.     

岷江上游不同植被类型的土壤水分和物理性质

土壤水分-物理性质是衡量土壤质量的重要指标。本文测定了岷江上游理县云杉人工林、灌木林、经济林和农耕地的土壤物理性质。结果表明:(1)云杉人工林的土壤容重最小,土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、田间最大持水量、毛管持水量显著高于其余3种植被类型;(2)灌木林与经济林的非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间最大持水量差异不显著,但灌木林的土壤容重显著小于经济林;(3)农耕地的土壤容重显著高于其余3种植被类型,非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间最大持水量显著低于其余3种植被类型。研究结果说明4种植被类型的土壤物理性质存在较大差异,选择合理的植被类型和减少人为干扰对于岷江上游地区植被恢复和生态功能改善具有重要的作用。     

Relationships between soil and foliar nutrients in young densely planted mini-plots of Pinus radiata and Cupressus lusitanica

The long-term nature of forest crop rotations makes it difficult to determine impacts of forestry on soil nutrients that might be depleted by forest growth. We used small scale, highly stocked plots to compress the length of the rotation and rapidly induce nutrient depletion. In the study, two species (Pinus radiata D. Don and Cupressus lusitanica Miller) are compared under two disturbance regimes (soil undisturbed and compacted), and two fertiliser treatments (nil and plus fertiliser), applied in factorial combination at 33 sites, covering the range of climatic and edaphic variation found in plantation forests across New Zealand. To assess our ability to rapidly highlight important soil properties, foliar nutrient concentrations were determined 20 months after planting. It was hypothesised that the densely planted plots, even at a young age, would create sufficient pressure on nutrient resources to allow development of relationships between properties used as indicies of soil nutrient availability and foliar nutrient concentrations. For both species significant relationships between foliar nutrients and 0–10 cm layer soil properties from unfertilised plots were evident for N (total and mineralisable N) and P (total, acid extractable, organic, Bray-2 and Olsen P). With the exception of Ca in C. lusitanica, foliar K, Ca and Mg were correlated with their respective soil exchangeable cation measures. The results thus confirm the utility of the experimental approach and the relevance of the measured soil properties for forest productivity.

In unfertilised plots foliar N and P concentrations in P. radiata exceeded those in C. lusitanica, the differences being eliminated by fertiliser application. Foliar N/P ratios in P. radiata also exceeded those in C. lusitanica. In contrast to N and P, foliar K, Ca and Mg concentrations were all higher in C. lusitanica, the difference being particularly marked for Ca and Mg. P. radiata contained substantially higher concentrations of the metals Zn, Mn and Al than C. lusitanica, whereas the latter contained higher B concentrations. Possible reasons for differences between species in foliar nutrient concentrations are discussed.     

Effects of N, NP, and NPKS fertilizers applied to four-year old hybrid poplar plantations

Mineral fertilizers were applied to adjacent plantations of 2, 4-year old, hybrid poplars: clone 27 (Northwest, P. deltoides × P. balsamifera) and 794 (Brooks, P. deltoides × P. × petrowskyana), in north eastern Alberta. Fertilization was done in May 2003 to see whether growth rates could be increased and rotations shortened. Three fertilizers (N, NP and NPKS + Cu + Zn) were applied at each of three rates (supplying N at 0, 100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) in a factorial randomized block design to the two separate plantations. Fertilization with 200 kg ha⁻¹ N and 100 kg ha⁻¹ P increased volume growth of clone 27 by 1 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over 2 years. Clone 794 showed no volume response to fertilization, but produced 8.7 m³ ha⁻¹ more than clone 27. Leaf area, dry mass and nutrient concentrations of both clones increased in the first year after fertilization, showing that fertilizer uptake occurred. Decrease in leaf size between 2003 and 2004 was affected by fertilizer level in clone 794. There were differences between some nutrient concentrations in the soils occupied by the two clones, and clone 794 had higher leaf concentrations of N, K, Ca, S, Mn, Zn, B and Mo than clone 27. Fertilization of 4-year old plantations of either clone was unwarranted, and planting clone 794 would be likely to provide greater yield than planting and fertilizing clone 27.     

辽东山区落叶松人工纯林诱导复层林更新试验

对辽宁东部山区落叶松人工纯林进行不同行状间伐试验,并在采伐迹地进行云杉幼树更新试验,试验结果发现:落叶松纯林经过行状间伐,草本层生物多样性显著增加,林地土壤持水力增强,增幅为4.4%～16.7%.不同更新行数试验的云杉幼树年均高生长量、冠幅生长量、地径生长量、总生物量大小变化明显,伐2行栽1行型与全光对比分别减少了27.4%、12.7%、21.7%、4.1%,而伐3栽2型分别增加了3.6%、0.8%、4.3%、15.8%.伐后保留带落叶松的生长得到了促进,2 a后落叶松的胸径、单株材积都比同龄落叶松纯林大,伐2栽1型与伐3栽2型增幅分别为2.7%～8%、4.6%～16.7%;高生长变化不明显.     

多代杉木人工林生长发育效应的研究

在全国杉木中心产区,选择不同栽植代数（１、２、３代）、不同发育阶段（５、１０、１５、２０年）、不同立地（１４、１６、１８地位指数）的杉木人工林,进行不同栽植代数杉木人工林生长发育特点的比较研究,结果表明：连栽导致了杉木生长的明显衰退,２、３代杉木戏分别比１代杉木下降７．２９％￣１１．６１％和１５．６３％￣２１．４７％,树高分别下降７．８９％￣１１．７６％和１７．７６％￣２２．３５％,蓄积量分别下降２１．０２％￣２４．６１％和３８．７０％￣４４．１８％,而且随栽植代数的增加,杉木戏、树高生长速生期开始时间推迟,速生期缩短,林木分化日趋明显,中级木比例减少,大、小级木比例增加。     

马尾松木荷混交林林分结构和土壤肥力研究

对马尾松木荷混交林与马尾松纯林林分生长、径阶分布及土壤理化性质研究表明 :马尾松与木荷以 2∶1比例行状混交 ,马尾松生长快 ,林分各径阶呈正态分布 ,林分生产力高、结构稳定。马尾松木荷混交林不仅提高土壤通透性和蓄水性 ,促进土壤良好结构形成 ,而且增加土壤养分含量 ,改善土壤肥力状况     

杨树、水杉林带枯落物对土壤微生物C、N的影响

杨树 (Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｓｐｐ .)、水杉 (Ｍｅｔａｓｅｑｕｏｉａｇｌｙｐｔｏｓｔｒｏｂｏｉｄｅｓ)是我国亚热带滨海盐土的重要造林树种 ,它们生长快且能耐轻度盐碱 ,因此常被作为这一地区复合农林业的理想树种 (钟哲科等 ,1 996 )。由于滨海地区处于陆地和海洋的交界处 ,自然环境较为恶劣 ,自然灾害频繁 ,因此复合农林业系统的研究和应用已成为保障这一地区农业持续稳定发展的重要措施。关于林木对小气候调节、改善生态环境等研究已有不少报道 ,但关于林木枯落物在复合农林业系统中对土壤微生物的作用 ,研究仍很少。植物枯落物是复合农林…     

江西大岗山连栽杉木人工林土壤性质的变化

系统研究了江西大岗山连栽杉木人工林土壤性质变化状况。结果表明：1、2代杉木人工林土壤物理性质相比，不论幼龄林还是中龄林，1代林均明显好于2代林；比较土壤酶活性，各林分也表现出相似的规律，即1代林土壤酶活性较高；而比较两代林土壤化学性质则发现，在幼龄林发育阶段各土壤因于指标变化规律不明显，土壤有机质、土壤氮素等指标反而为2代林较高；但各林分发育至中龄林阶段后则有了较强的规律性，除土壤有效铁和有效铜外，其它所有指标均为2代林较低。