林地针叶化对土壤微生物特征影响研究

通过野外调查和典型剖面试验分析，对比研究了不同人工林地土壤微生物分布特征，揭示了人工阔叶林地、混交林地和针叶林地土壤剖面微生物区系的分布规律，以及林地大面积针叶化对生物多样性的影响，提出了生态恢复和重建的途径与措施。     

典型黑土pH值变化对营养元素有效态含量的影响研究

采用室内培养实验的方法,控制典型黑土样品的酸碱度值,探讨典型黑土中Cu、Zn、Mn、P和Fe等营养元素有效态含量与pH值的关系。结果表明:pH值变化0.5个单位左右,有效态铜含量变化约0.5～1倍;有效态锰含量变化约3～5倍;有效态锌含量变化9～15倍之多;有效态磷含量变化约1.5～2倍;有效态铁含量变化约3～4倍。说明精确掌握土壤的酸碱度值对于土壤诊断、合理施肥、提高作物产量和实现土地的可持续利用都具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

Modelling compaction of agricultural subsoils by tracked heavy construction machinery under various moisture conditions in Switzerland

In recent years, agricultural land in Switzerland has been increasingly used as temporary access ways for heavy machinery in road and pipeline construction operations. The Swiss soil protection law requires that measures are taken to prevent soil compaction in such operations, but gives no criteria to determine tolerable loads. We studied the compaction sensitivity of a loess soil (Haplic Luvisol) at different soil moisture conditions in a field traffic experiment and by a numerical model on the computer using finite element analysis. Two plots, one wetted by sprinkling and one left dry (no sprinkling), were traversed by heavy caterpillar vehicles during construction of a large overland gas pipeline. Compaction effects were determined by comparing precompression stresses of samples taken from trafficked and non-trafficked soil. A finite element model with a constitutive relation, based on the concept of critical state soil mechanics, was used to interpret the outcome of the field trials.

We found significantly higher precompression stresses in the trafficked (median 97 kPa) compared with the non-trafficked (median 41 kPa) topsoil of the wet plot. No effect was evident in the topsoil of the dry plot as well as in the subsoils of the wet and the dry plot. The observed compaction effects were in agreement with the model predictions if the soil was assumed to be partially drained, but disagreed for the wet subsoil if fully drained conditions were assumed. Agreement between model and experimental results also required that the moisture dependence of the precompression stress was taken into account.     

Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.     

大比例尺区域土壤养分空间变异定量分析

应用地质统计学的方法对北京昌平县南邵乡２６４０ｈｍ＾２,土地上的土壤有机质,全氮,有效氮,有效磷及有效钾的空间分布特征,进行了定量分析,并绘出它们的等值线图,对于研究和评价大比例尺区域土壤养分空间变异规律和动态变化有一定的理论和实践意义。     

基于GIS的精确农业合理采样与施肥间距研究

在GIS软件平台下对采样点进行行列删减,人为减小采样密度,运用地统计学方法制作养分分布图,并与原始采样方案进行形状和面积对比,选取合理的删减方案作为土壤养分的合理采样方案.碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的合理采样间距分别为64 m×51 m、32 m×76 m和32 m×25 m.为综合考虑多种养分,提出3条综合采样测土原则.提出了调整施肥间距的实现方法,自动变量施肥宜采用"大网格采样、小网格施肥",手动变量施肥则宜采用"小网格采样、大网格施肥".试验表明提出的方法实现了定性与定量相结合来研究土壤采样间距.     

秸秆还田研究进展及内蒙古玉米秸秆深翻还田现状

秸秆是培肥土壤重要的可再生资源,秸秆还田是培肥和改良土壤最为经济有效的技术措施,同时可解决田间焚烧秸秆所带来的大气污染问题。本文系统总结了秸秆还田的技术模式和培肥机理,阐述了秸秆还田对土壤理化性状、土壤养分与养分有效性、土壤酶活性与微生物、土壤温室气体减排和作物产量的影响,重点概述了内蒙古玉米秸秆深翻还田的研究进展,并对今后研究方向进行了展望。针对内蒙古平原灌区玉米生产现有的自然环境和农业栽培技术措施,以秸秆培肥土壤为切入点,提出了与农田生态环境相适应的秸秆深翻还田培肥模式。     

畦田Philip入渗参数和田面综合糙率同步推求

以水量平衡原理为基础,通过对畦灌地表水面线的概化,并将Philip入渗公式等同为α=0.5的Kostiakov修正模型,由此建立了利用畦灌水流推进过程同步推求Philip土壤入渗参数和田面综合糙率的模型.结合文献资料和大田试验对所建模型进行验证,并采用Matlab软件求解,得出不同地表储水形状系数σh下的入渗参数和糙率,并分别对入渗参数和田面综合糙率的可靠性进行了验证,结果表明所建模型同步推求土壤入渗参数和田面综合糙率是可靠的,并且计算方便,精度较高.     

基于近红外傅里叶特征提取方法的土壤含水率检测

以湖北地区的3种土壤为研究对象,利用偏最小二乘法建立了处理后样品的土壤含水率分析模型,模型预测值与标准值的决定系数为0.995,交叉验证预测均方差为0.801%,模型预测决定系数为0.992,预测均方差为0.912%,利用该模型预测黄土高原地区黄绵土含水率误差均大于4%.利用近红外光谱傅里叶变换特征提取方法对湖北地区黄棕壤、稻田土和潮土建立土壤含水率PLS预测模型,模型决定系数为0.988,交叉验证预测均方差为1.106%,且该模型预测黄绵土的误差均在2%左右,精度较传统模型有较大提高.     

基于农民用水户协会的用水总量控制模式研究

以湖南省岳阳市铁山灌区为背景,在对农民用水户协会(WUA)进行评价的基础上,提出基于WUA的用水总量控制新型管理模式。新模式的组织机构主要依托原有WUA,同时根据总量控制的内在要求进行部分完善,如增加水资源管理站、将WUA的用水组改为水费组、计量组和工程组并相应完善其用水和水费收缴程序;制度方面建议新搭建一系列的保障制度如水权分配、水价体系、农业水权转让补偿和水量计量管理等。编制了铁山水库不同水文年向城市和灌溉的供水总量控制方案,最后初步提出了新模式的实施计划。