Grass mixtures for afforested opencast spoils in South Wales

An experiment that investigated the establishment of seven grass and legume seed mixes on opencast coal mining spoil in South Wales is described. After three years, mixtures containing Poa pratensis and Festuca rubra var. rubra were the most successful in covering the spoil; the ‘Johnson JR33’ seed mix proved the best of those commercially available that was tested. Tree growth was not detrimentally affected by the establishment of a grass ground cover. Erosion was not an important process at the experimental site, though slumping occurred locally from plough ridge to plough furrow.     

密云水库库区不同植物篱模式下的氮磷阻控效应

筛选拦截效果最佳、经济效益最佳的植物篱模式,为密云水库水源保护区控制坡耕地氮磷流失提供技术参考。设置“桔梗+狗牙根”“丹参+狗牙根”“桑树+野牛草”“黄芩+野牛草”4种不同的植物篱模式,监测2020年天然降水条件下的地表径流、泥沙以及养分情况,分析不同植物篱模式下径流小区的产流和产沙情况,探讨不同植物篱对坡耕地地表径流、泥沙和养分的拦截效率及其影响因素。结果表明：4种植物篱种植模式都能够起到截流减沙,减轻水环境富营养化的作用,从而避免对下游水体的污染。其中“桑树+野牛草”植物篱效果最为显著,大雨雨强下可以减流57.96%,减沙96.64%,暴雨雨强下可以减流64.63%,减沙97.17%;对氮的相对拦截量为93.14 mg,相对拦截率约88.27%;对磷的相对拦截量为25.17 mg,相对拦截率约80.72%,能有效减少地表径流中的氮、磷含量。在考虑经济效益、社会效益和生态效益下,开展植物篱防控面源污染工作中,最佳的物种选择为“桑树+野牛草”,其次为“黄芩+野牛草”。野牛草在防控水土流失与面源污染方面效果十分显著,可以作为水土保持的先锋植物推广。     

Amelioration of a highly degraded tropical alfisol by planting I. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties 1989-91

This paper examines soil amelioration by planting 15 leguminous and graminaceous plant species, including herbaceous annuals, perennials and biennials, and woody perennials and biennials. Disturbed and undisturbed natural regrowth were planted with leguminous species, in some cases with fertilizer applied at planting (400 kg ha⁻¹ of 15:15:15 NPK). The studies were made on two highly degraded sites in southwestern Nigeria which had been subjected to intensive mechanized cropping for a period of 10 years. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties were monitored from 1989 to 1991. Acacia difficilis, Brachiaria lata and Mucuna utilis had the lowest survival rates by the following growing season. Soil fertility and compaction levels differed between sites. Planting had no effect on the latter. The decreases in compaction (i.e. macroporosity) between 0.00 and 0.10 m depth at both sites one month before and five and 17 months after planting were 43, 59 and 61 per cent, respectively were attributed to exclusion of heavy machinery from the sites. Large decreases in fertility occurred at both sites and were attributed to a combination of nutrient extraction and to leaching. Between fallow species, exchangeable Ca, pH and the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) were greater and total acids lower for herbaceous cover compared with woody perennials, and was attributed to a higher Ca demand by the latter. Highest and lowest values of Ca, CEC and pH occurred in plots where plant material was returned to the soil (i.e. by cutting or die-back) and in cropped plots, respectively. Natural regrowth was as effective or better than planted species in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore the use of exotic plant species for ameliorating highly degraded alfisols is unnecessary. Amelioration of highly degraded alfisols may be best effected by allowing natural regrowth to occur while excluding all mechanized traffic from the site.     

河北省土壤水资源划区探讨

综述了土壤水和土壤水资源的概念以及土壤水资源划区的意义,以土壤的地带性规律为基础,与农业综合区划相协调并保持乡级行政区界的完整性为划区原则,提出了河北省土壤水资源的划区方案.即河北省土壤水资源分为区、亚区和片3级,共划分为7个土壤水资源区、14个土壤水资源亚区和28个土壤水资源片.     

我国油菜品种改良现状及发展趋势

为了解我国油菜主导品种的品质发展现状和品种改良趋势,以“油菜品种改良”“油菜育种”“油菜产业发展”为关键词检索了PubMed、SpringerLink及中国知网等数据库,获得1987—2023年已发表的相关文献70篇,并结合农业农村部、国家统计局和中国种业大数据平台发布的油菜主导品种数据,综合分析我国油菜主导品种及产业现状、存在的风险与不足以及未来发展趋势。结果表明：1）我国油菜种植面积趋于稳定,油菜品种数量大幅增长,多样性更趋丰富;2）油菜主导品种含油率提升明显,且单产不断取得突破;3）当前我国油菜品种存在一些风险,如特专型品种含油率和产量较低、油菜品种同质化严重、抗病性不强、生育期短且抗逆性强的品种不足等。综上,我国油菜产业在品种改良和产业发展方面取得了显著进展,但仍需关注品种品质和抗病性等问题。未来可通过加强油菜种质资源收集与利用推进转基因生物育种的研发,推进油菜株型、抗性和光合效能的改造以实现产油率等一系列性状的再突破,满足多元化需求,探索密植增产技术,提升油菜机械化生产水平,推动我国油菜产业的可持续发展。     

Shrimp and fish pond soils: processes and management

The pond bottom soil and the accumulated sediments are integral parts of ponds. Concentrations of nutrients, organic matter and microorganism density in the pond bottom are several orders of magnitude greater than in the water. The accumulation of organic sediments may limit pond intensification. The intensive organic matter degradation at the pond bottom and high sediment oxygen demand exceeds the oxygen renewal rate. This leads to the development of anoxic conditions in the sediments and at the sediment–water interface. A series of anaerobic processes, affected by the redox potential of the system, are taking place. A large number of potentially toxic materials are generated. Among those are organic acids, reduced organic sulfur compounds, reduced manganese and sulfides.

Shrimp, as animals that normally live on or near the bottom, are exposed to conditions on the pond bottom. Exposure to toxic materials endanger the well being of the cultured shrimp. Reduced feeding, slower growth, mortality and possibly higher sensitivity to disease are reported.

The rational use of aerators to minimize the area of sludge accumulation, construction of ponds to trap sludge, stirring sediments, chemical poising of the redox system and environmentally accepted treatment and reuse of drained sediments are means to control the conditions at the pond bottom.     

草皮生产对土壤性质及氮磷钾吸附与解吸的影响

为充分阐明草皮生产对其生产基地土壤质量的影响,对长春市二道区朝阳沟草皮基地连续草皮生产7年土壤;哈尔滨市松北区乐业镇魏家屯连续草皮生产8年土壤40个样本进行了土壤性质测试分析与探讨。结果表明：连续7、8年草皮生产后,其基地土壤比表面增加;微团聚体组成中,〈0.001 mm,0.001～0.005 mm粒级均增加,0.01～0.05 mm粒级均降低。pH值、CEC（阳离子交换量）、EC（电导率）变幅不大;有机质含量降低,降低幅度达20.00%以上。土壤腐殖质的胡敏酸碳/富里酸碳（HA/FA）比降低。土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量均降低,以磷、钾含量降低幅度较大,分别高达80.00%、65.00%以上。提高了外源施入氮、磷、钾素的吸附能力,降低其释放能力,特别是磷、钾素。调查结果,表明连续7、8年草皮生产对土壤物理性质及土壤肥力造成严重破坏。     

牧场土壤含水率与坚实度空间变异与相关性分

利用土壤水分/圆锥指数复合测量装置,应用精细农作技术体系网格定点测量与GPS定位,在一块面积约1.27 hm2的草地上获取了土壤含水率与坚实度空间分布基础数据,并针对采样过程中出现的数据缺失,用偏最小二乘法对数据进行修补.然后运用克里格插值法进行数字化成图,并在此基础上分别对含水率与坚实度的空间变异性及两者的相关性做了分析.     

水稻种绳直播机对地表不平度的动态响

为了探索水稻种绳直播机对地表不平度激励的适应性,进行了动态模拟试验.根据样机的结构特点,设计了由角位移传感器、数据采集卡和计算机等构成的地表不平度检测系统.检测了由旋耕形成的原始地表不平度和经过种绳直播机作业后形成的地表不平度,应用Matlab软件对信号进行了时域和频域分析.应用等同法建立了系统的传递函数,分析了系统的动态特性.研究结果表明,由种绳直播机和土壤等构成的土壤-机器系统是一个具有一阶惯性特征的线性系统.系统的响应速度、频带宽度和覆土厚度等性能指标能够满足农业技术要求.     

农业综合开发土地治理项目施工合同签订方式的分析

农业综合开发土地治理项目是国家支持“三农”的一种重要手段．由于该项目存在着施工环境复杂、资金限额控制等因素,项目的投资控制和管理有一定的难度和特殊性,在总结项目管理的基础上．针对项目实际,对项目施工合同签订方式进行必要分析和比较．以实现对项目的有效管理。