乌鲁木齐南山小渠子土壤螨类群落结构研究

[目的]研究乌鲁木齐南部山区不同土地利用类型下土壤螨类群落结构特征及季节动态变化规律,为开展人类活动对市郊旅游胜地土壤环境质量影响的生物学评价提供科学依据。[方法]采用常规野外采样方法和改良的Ttdlgren分离法对该山区针叶林、山地草原、阔叶林、山地灌木林、山地耕地及居民点6种不同生境土壤螨类群落结构特征、季节动态及其与环境要素的关系进行分析。[结果]共获得土壤螨类7135只,隶属蜱螨亚纲的4亚目57科87属,其中甲螨亚目5785只54属38科,占总采集量的81．08％：中气门亚目1077只19属14科,占总采集量的15．09％;前气门亚目270只4属4科,占总采集量的3．78％;无气门亚目3只1属1科,占总采集量的0．04％。其中,小奥甲螨属为优势类群,占总捕获量螨类的10．06％,盖头甲螨属和真前翼甲螨属为亚优势属,占总捕获量的12．27％。礼服甲螨属、滑缝甲螨属、珠足甲螨属、洼甲螨属和懒甲螨属等35属为常见类群,占总捕获量的76．73％;优势类群和常见类群共占总数量的98．96％。广缝甲螨属、龙足甲螨属、卷甲螨属、沙足甲螨属和缰板鳃甲螨属等19属均为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的0．94％。土壤螨类个体数和类群数组成在不同生境、不同土层以及不同季节间具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。其中,个体数的水平分布依次为针叶林〉山地灌木林〉山地草原〉山地耕地〉阔叶林〉居民地;垂直分布具有明显的表聚性,即表层〉中层〉下层。个体数量的季节变化依次为秋季〉冬季〉夏季〉春季。[结论]该山区不同生境土壤螨类群落组成及时空分布动态之间均存在显著差异（P〈0．05）．这与植被类型、土壤环境因素及人为干扰程度等有关。     

Strong functional stability of soil microbial communities under semiarid Mediterranean conditions and subjected to long-term shifts in baseline precipitation

We investigated the effect of soil microclimate on the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities in a Mediterranean Holm-oak forest subjected to 10 years of partial rain exclusion manipulations, simulating average drought conditions expected in Mediterranean areas for the following decades. We applied a high throughput DNA pyrosequencing technique coupled to parallel measurements of microbial respiration (R_H) and temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration (Q₁₀). Some consistent changes in the structure of bacterial communities suggest a slow process of community shifts parallel to the trend towards oligotrophy in response to long-term droughts. However, the structure of bacterial communities was mainly determined by short-term environmental fluctuations associated with sampling date (winter, spring and summer) rather than long-term (10 years) shifts in baseline precipitation. Moreover, long-term drought did not exert any chronic effect on the functioning of soil microbial communities (R_H and Q₁₀), emphasizing the functional stability of these communities to this long-term but mild shifts in water availability. We hypothesize that the particular conditions of the Mediterranean climate with strong seasonal shifts in both temperature and soil water availability but also characterized by very extreme environmental conditions during summer, was acting as a strong force in community assembling, selecting phenotypes adapted to the semiarid conditions characterizing Mediterranean ecosystems. Relations of climate with the phylogenetic structure and overall diversity of the communities as well as the distribution of the individual responses of different lineages (genera) to climate confirmed our hypotheses, evidencing communities dominated by thermotolerant and drought-tolerant phenotypes.     

天然材料贻贝壳的应用研究

我国贻贝养殖业迅速发展的同时产生了大量的废弃贻贝壳,如何对其资源化利用成为了研究者关注的热点.综述了贻贝壳的研究利用现状,介绍了其作为钙补充剂、土壤改良剂方面的研究现状,探讨了其在重金属、磷及染料去除方面的应用研究进展,讨论了其作为建筑材料、功能材料以及催化剂等方面的利用进展,并对贻贝壳的再利用的发展方向进行了展望.     

黑土区组合施肥技术对土壤氮磷的影响

定位试验研究有机肥、生物肥和化肥组合施肥技术对土壤N、P养分元素的影响结果表明,组合施肥较单施化肥土壤全N增加0.05g/kg,速效氮(除Ⅱ处理)增加6.6～44.6mg/kg,土壤全P增加0.15～0.29g/kg,速效磷增加15.68～51.07mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥土壤N素增量全N增加0.2～0.25g/kg,速效氮增加11.6～39.4 mg/kg,全P增加0.09～0.24g/kg,速效磷增加23.59～57.82mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥净收入高19.4％～37.3％。     

轮耕对宁南旱区土壤理化性状和旱地小麦产量的影响

为了探索免耕/深松隔年轮耕对土壤理化性状及冬小麦产量的影响,2007年至2010年在宁南旱区采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松与连年翻耕3种耕作模式,对土壤容重、团聚体、养分及小麦产量等进行了研究。结果表明:与传统耕作相比,免耕/深松/免耕和深松/免耕/深松模式显著(p<0.05)降低土壤容重,改善了土壤的孔隙状况;两种轮耕模式可显著(p<0.05)增加0～40 cm各土层2～0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量。3种耕作方式比较,深松/免耕/深松模式最能有效增加0～40 cm土壤有机质和0～20 cm土层全氮含量;免耕/深松/免耕和深松/免耕/深松处理较传统耕作显著增加0～40 cm土层碱解氮和有效磷含量、20～40 cm土壤速效钾含量,改善了土壤的养分状况。试验期间,免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松模式3年平均小麦籽粒产量较传统耕作显著增加,分别增产9.59%和10.69%(p<0.05),以深松/免耕/深松处理增产效果最佳。     

江苏省土壤有机质含量时空变异特征及驱动力研究

土壤有机质(SOM)含量是估算土壤碳储量、评价土壤肥力的重要指标,研究SOM时空演变对评估区域土壤固碳潜力,实现土壤可持续利用具有重要意义。以江苏省为例,利用全国第二次土壤普查资料和2006年采样数据,基于地统计学方法和GIS技术,对比研究了1980 - 2006年全省范围内表层(0 ~ 20 cm)SOM含量的时空变异特征及其驱动因子。结果表明：1980年和2006年江苏省SOM平均含量分别为16.55 ± 8.50 g kg^-1和18.31 ± 8.32 g kg^-1,变异系数分别为51.36%和45.44%。两个时期SOM的变异函数均符合指数模型,块金系数由51.85%增加为56.52%,变程由71.55 km减少至37.83 km,SOM含量的空间自相关性减弱,自相关距离减小。1980-2006年,SOM含量空间分布呈现出北增南减,沿江平原增,宁镇丘陵减,滨海平原基本持平的空间格局,增加幅度由北向南逐渐减小。SOM含量的初始值影响其空间格局的演变,总体上呈现初始SOM含量的高值降低、低值增加的趋势。肥料的大量使用在提高粮食产量的同时也增加了作物残茬和根系的生物量;秸秆还田的大力推行,使得大量的有机物质进入土壤,促进了SOM的累积。不同的土地利用变化对SOM含量变化的作用不同,土地利用方式转变成水田、旱地和林地促进了SOM的增加,而转变成荒地后导致SOM含量下降。     

气候变化与土壤湿度关系的研究进展

在分析气候变化与土壤湿度关系研究现状的基础上,综述了该研究的进展。首先,描述了用数值模拟方法研究气候变化与土壤湿度之间关系的现状;论述了该研究取得的成果和需要进一步研究的问题;其次,简要总结了目前研究仍显薄弱的资料诊断分析工作及取得的成果。土壤湿度的监测与预报是制定合理的灌溉制度从而实现适时适量灌溉的基础,因此本文对气候变化条件下土壤湿度变化趋势的研究及节水灌溉(特别是干旱地区)具有重要的意义。     

Driving forces of soil organic matter change in Jiangsu Province of China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key property determining soil functions and a major form of carbon stored in soil. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of SOM and the driving forces responsible for spatial and temporal changes is important to assess regional soil quality and carbon sequestration potential and, particularly, to establish better practices for land use and management. We evaluated the spatio‐temporal change in SOM content from 1979–1982 to 2006 and its driving forces in Jiangsu Province, East China, using geostatistics. The results showed that mean SOM content increased from 16.60 ± 8.50 to 18.31 ± 8.32 g/kg over a 26‐yr period. The maps of SOM generated by ordinary kriging represented the increasing trend from north to south across the province in the two periods. The level of SOM in 1979–1982 affected the pattern of change: the SOM increasing in areas initially with a small content while decreasing in areas having a large content. The map of SOM change showed that the rate of increase decreased from north to south within the province. Increased fertilizer application promoted crop production with more residual biomass being retained in the soil, which resulted in increased SOM content. Land use changes to paddy, upland or forest improved SOM content, whereas abandoning land reduced SOM content.     

Synergistic effects of soil microstructure and bacterial EPS on drying rate in emulated soil micromodels

Microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been shown to alter soil moisture retention and to improve seedling survival and plant growth at the bulk scale. The mechanisms of EPS-mediated water retention include reversible swelling of the cross-linked polymer matrix and the promotion of an aggregated soil structure. However, the effects of EPS on water retention have never been directly observed at the pore scale. Here, emulated soil micromodels were developed to directly observe the effects of physical, chemical, and biological factors on pore-scale water retention. In this demonstration, a pseudo-2D pore structure was created to represent physical features of a fine sandy loam. Replicate micromodels were initially saturated with suspensions of different soil bacteria, and pore-scale air infiltration was directly imaged over time. External evaporativity was held constant through the use of a custom constant-humidity environmental chamber. Micromodels filled with suspensions of highly mucoid Sinorhizobium meliloti retained moisture about twice as long as physically identical micromodels filled with suspensions of non-mucoid S. meliloti. Relative drying rates in six replicate experiments ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 times slower for mucoid suspensions. Patterns of air infiltration were similar but not identical across replicates. The results suggest that pore fluid EPS and micromodel geometry act together to limit evaporation at pore throats. Advantages of the micromodel approach include direct observation of pore-scale dynamic process, and the ability to systematically replicate complex physical structures. These abilities will enable users to screen benefits from different structures and from microbial compositions, and build predictive understanding of the overall function of microbe-habitat systems.     

农田土壤动物与土壤理化性质关系的研究

 2001年夏季作物收割季节,采用系统调查法对国家土壤肥力和肥料效益监测基地网的黄土、潮土、水稻土、紫色土、红壤5 个土壤类型定位试验中的对照(CK)、撂荒、NPK、NPK+OM、NPK+S 和1.5(NPK+　OM)施肥小区的土壤动物调查。采集土壤样品90个,通过手捡法和Cobb过筛法,共获得土壤动物6　414只,隶属6门12纲22目,同时对采集的土壤样品理化性质进行分析。以8类主要农田土壤动物与土壤理化性质的6项指标为研究对象,采用典型相关分析方法,研究影响农田土壤动物的主要因子。结果表明,在土壤理化性质