封育和放牧对高寒草甸植被群落特征和土壤特性的影响

为探究封育和放牧对高寒草甸植被群落和土壤特性的影响,本研究以封育13年和连续放牧高寒草甸为研究对象,采用野外群落调查和室内土壤分析相结合的方法,探究封育和放牧对植被群落状况和土壤特性的影响。结果表明：封育显著提高了群落的盖度和地上生物量（P<0.01）;封育显著提高了0~30 cm土壤总氮（Total nitrogen,TN）、速效氮（Available nitrogen,AN）、速效磷（Available phosphorus,AP）和速效钾（Available potassium,AK）（P<0.01）;封育显著降低了群落密度、物种丰富度指数、香农-维纳多样性指数和均匀度指数（P<0.01）。总之,封育虽增加了高寒草甸植物群落生物量和土壤养分,但在一定程度上导致草地植物群落多样性的下降,研究建议针对封育13年的高寒草甸进行适当的放牧以增加群落物种多样性和丰富度。     

Influence of four soil maintenance practices on Collembola communities in a Mediterranean vineyard

We studied the influence of four soil maintenance practices on Collembola communities in the soil of a Mediterranean vineyard: (a) postemergence herbicide with glyphosate; (b) postemergence and pre-emergence herbicides with glyphosate, terbuthylazine, diuron and oryzalin; (c) natural flora and (d) tillage to a depth of 10–15 cm. Total Collembola abundance, species diversity and species richness significantly varied between the four practices. Notably, the practice using postemergence and pre-emergence herbicides had significantly lower values. Identification of Collembola at species level allowed an interspecies comparison and revealed significant differences for the most common species between the four practices, with each practice being characterized by a different set of species. None of the species were found to be significantly more abundant in the plots treated with postemergence and pre-emergence herbicides.     

Flowering phenology of a herbaceous species (Poa annua) is regulated by soil Collembola

The role of soil organisms as possible driver of flowering has never been investigated. We hypothesized that Collembola (microarthropods) will change plant allocation to reproductive modes by changing soil nutrient availability. Individual seedlings of Poa annua were planted in microcosms, in the presence or absence of Collembola. Collembola affected biotic (fungal biomass) and abiotic ($\text{N}-{{\text{NO}}_3}^{-}$, P₂O₅) soil properties and some morphological (number of leaves, root biomass) and chemical (C:N, K, Mg, N) traits of P. annua. As a result, flowering of P. annua was promoted by the presence of Collembola. This provides experimental evidence that soil microarthropods can affect the reproduction strategy and phenology of a plant.     

Soil aggregate formation and stability induced by starch and cellulose

Soil aggregate (SA) can be formed and stabilized when soil organic matter (SOM) is decomposed in the soil. However, the relationships between the SA dynamics and SOM with different decomposition rates have not been clarified. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the addition of polysaccharides to soil on SA formation and stability. A Japanese tropical soil was incubated for 99 d at 30 °C in a dark environment following the addition of 0.5% (w/w) starch or cellulose. The decomposition rates of the amendments, and SA formation and stability were evaluated by measuring soil respiration rates, and distribution fractions of soil aggregate sizes and mean weight diameter (MWD) of SA, respectively. The cumulative soil respirations with all treatments rapidly increased until Day 12 of the incubation. The initial slope of the cumulative soil respiration in the soil with starch was significantly higher than that in the soil with cellulose. In either soil with starch or cellulose, the fractions of macro-aggregates (>1000 μm in diameter) significantly increased, respectively, compared with control soil. However, the fractions of meso-aggregates (250–1000 μm) and nano-aggregate (<20 μm) in the soil with starch significantly decreased, while those fractions in the soil with cellulose fluctuated until Day 6. The MWDs reached the maximum on Day 6, indicating the SA formation in the soils with starch or cellulose. The increasing rate of the SA formation in the starch-amended soil was greatly higher than that in the cellulose-amended soil. After Day 6, the MWDs in the soils with either polysaccharide decreased with similar trends with no significant differences between treatments, indicating similar stability of the SA in both treatments. This study showed that the different decomposability of the organic amendments might influence the SA formation differently, but not the SA stability.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工绿地土壤及其影响因子分析研究

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地绿地建设长期使用４．０ｇ／Ｌ以上的高矿　化度地下水及生活污水灌溉，对土壤的理化、生化性质产生了重大影响．通过６年的定位试验　观测，数据表明原沙漠腹地风沙土０～２ｍ内可溶性离子总量下降，２ｍ以下增加；土壤粘粒、　有机质含量增加；土壤容重降低；土壤紧实度除表层以外，各层土壤由紧变松；土壤肥力显　著增强；土壤微生物的数量大幅增加，生物活性趋强．     

基于低碳与成本约束的机电产品包装概念设计

机电产品的包装需要耗费大量的原木,对环境造成了极大的影响,也增加了机电产品的生产经营成本。文章从低碳和成本约束的角度,对机电产品包装概念设计的模型进行了分析和探讨。     

机电设备安装工程中常见问题及对策分析

机电设备安装工程施工是一项技术领域的工作,涉及到了多个工种和多道工序,因此存在特殊的要求。文章对机电设备安装施工中存在的一些常见问题进行了分析,并为提高机电设备的安装质量提出了一些建议。     

大类招生下机械电子工程专业学生实践和创新能力的研究与应用

文章从学生实践能力和创新能力两个核心能力培养方面进行了理论研究与实践探索。首先简要介绍了专业概况与研究背景,然后对几个核心概念进行了定义与解释,最后结合齐齐哈尔大学的一些做法与经验提出了大类招生下机械电子工程专业学生实践和创新能力培养的建议。     

不同土层深度土壤性质对黄土地区果树黄化的影响

对黄土地区黄化和非黄化的果园不同深度土壤性状进行分析,结果表明:在对黄化有显著影响的因素中,不同土壤性状对黄化的影响的主要深度不同,但大多数土壤性状在两类果园土壤间都在40～60cm差异显著性达到0.01水平。果园土壤施肥量增大,导致氮磷钾等养分与铁比例失调是近年来黄土地区果树黄化加重的重要原因。     

香葱连作障碍的成因及其修复试验

选取不同连作年限(0、2、4、6、10、15 a)的葱田土壤,测定土壤的养分、微量元素和重金属含量,发现不同连作年限土壤中的铁、硼、镁等微量元素含量丰富,但是连作葱田土壤的容重、有机质含量和铵态氮含量有不同程度降低,硝态氮含量显著提高。用5种土壤改良剂对连作年限为15 a的葱田进行土壤淋施处理,试验结果表明,奥普尔冲施肥使土壤中的硝态氮含量降低11.57%,铵态氮含量提高50.27%,香葱产量提高2.66%,是最佳的土壤改良剂。