三氯生与镉单一及复合污染对土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响

为了解典型药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)——三氯生与镉复合污染的生态效应,采用室内培养实验和联合毒性预测模型,首次评价了三氯生与镉单一及复合污染对土壤呼吸及参与土壤碳氮循环的相关酶活性的生态毒性。结果表明:三氯生与镉单一及复合污染对土壤呼吸呈现激活—抑制—激活的生态效应;刺激了蛋白酶活性,激活率先降低后升高,56 d时达到最大。整个实验期间均抑制了蔗糖酶活性,镉(10.0 mg kg-1)单一污染培养14 d抑制率达到最大值(81%),三氯生单一胁迫呈现负的剂量效应关系,两者复合污染无显著的剂量效应关系。联合效应评价模型预测表明,相比三氯生或镉单一污染,两者的复合胁迫对土壤呼吸呈现随时间变化的拮抗—协同—加和效应,对土壤蛋白酶呈现协同—加和—协同的联合效应,而对土壤蔗糖酶活性则主要为协同效应。     

用于液体肥料的堆肥浸提液提取工艺参数

堆肥浸提液是一种很好的液体肥料和生防剂。为了获得用于液体肥料的堆肥浸提液提取工艺参数,以腐熟猪粪堆肥为原料,采用正交试验研究了水和0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液为浸提剂,在好氧和厌氧条件下不同浸提比例（分别为1:10、1:8、1:6.67、1:5和1:4）和浸提时间（12～144 h）对堆肥浸提液中可提取的主要速效养分含量和可浸提主要成分提取率的影响。结果表明,用水作为提取剂时,最适工艺参数是通气良好,浸提比例1:5,提取时间72 h;用0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液提取时,最适工艺参数是通气良好,浸提比例1:5,提取时间36 h。说明水和0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液作提取剂,在常温下采用合适的提取比例和提取时间都能获得较好的养分提取效果。     

西双版纳热带人工林与次生林土壤动物群落结构时空变化初查

在西双版纳热带雨林地区,对３类人工林和１类次生林土壤动物群落结构的时空变化进行了调查。结果表明;蜱螨目和弹尾目在所查４类林地中为常年优势类群;４类林地中,土壤动物类群数和个体数均呈相同的季节消长规律,干热季（４月）〉雨季（８月）〉干凉季（１月）,各林地优势类群的种群数量在４月呈现剧增;次生林土壤动物群落类群数,个人本数及多样性在全年高于人工林,林地表层土壤动物拓全年明显多于底层。     

土壤微生物多样性实验研究方法概述

对有关土壤微生物多样性,包括微生物类群多样性、群落结构多样性、功能多样性以及基因多样性等的描述与表征方法进行了探讨,同时,对当前国内外土壤微生物多样性的一些实验研究方法,包括土壤微生物分离培养方法、Biolog 微平板方法、FAME 分析方法和分子生物学方法等进行了介绍和评述。并指出在土壤微生物多样性研究中,如果可能的话,需要将各种方法结合起来使用,方可得到有关土壤生物多样性的较为全面的信息和理解。     

Soil volatile fungistasis and volatile fungistatic compounds

Fungistasis is a widespread phenomenon that can be mediated by soil microorganisms and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The relationship between soil microorganisms and VOCs is still unclear, however, and many fungistatic compounds remain to be identified. We assessed the effects of soils (soil direct fungistasis) and VOCs produced by natural soils (soil volatile fungistasis) on the spore germination of several fungi. Both strong soil direct fungistasis and soil volatile fungistasis were observed in a wide range of soils. Soil fungistasis and VOC fungistasis were significantly correlated (P<0.001). The volatile fungistatic activity of soils stopped after autoclaving. Some VOCs were identified by using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrum. VOC composition and in vitro antagonism of relatively pure commercial compounds also were measured. Some VOCs, trimethylamine, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, dimethyl disulfide, methyl pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, benzaldehyde, N,N-dimethyloctylamine and nonadecane, were produced by various fungistatic soils. Moreover, antifungal activity test of above VOCs showed that trimethylamine, benzaldehyde, and N,N-dimethyloctylamine have strong antifungal activity even at low levels (4-12 mg l⁻¹).     

蚯蚓体表液的组成及其减粘脱土机理分析

蚯蚓的体表液利于减粘脱土。本文利用现代测试仪器,结合生物化学分析技术,研究了蚯蚓体表液和泥鳅分泌液的组成;并应用土壤力学和生物化学等方面的理论,初步探讨了蚯蚓体表液减粘脱土的机理。     

Enzyme activity and microbial biomass in a field soil amended with municipal refuse

Summary Changes in enzyme activity levels, in biomass-C content, and in the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis were measured in a loamy soil to which solid municipal refuse had been applied as compost over a 3-year period at two different rates. Addition of the compost caused significant increases in the activity of all enzymes tested. The increases were much higher at 90 t ha^-1 year^-1 than at 30 t ha^-1 year^-1. Significant increases were also observed in the biomass-C content and in the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. Significant correlations among changes in biomass-C content and the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and the changes in all enzymes tested were found.Two activity indices were calculated; a biological index of fertility and an enzyme activity number. No correlations were found between the biological index of fertility and the changes in the various enzyme activities. However, significant correlations were found either between enzyme activity number and most of the changes in enzyme activity, or between the enzyme activity number index and the biomass-C content (r=0.850). The use of a new activity index, the hydrolysis coefficient, is proposed. This coefficient was significantly correlated with biomass-C content (r=0.925) and with the enzyme activity number index (r=0.780).     

太阳能土壤加热系统在西瓜反季节栽培中的应用

研究了太阳能土壤加热系统对反季节栽培西瓜的影响.研究结果表明,太阳能土壤加温系统能够增强植株长势,提高西瓜产量和品质,特别是当散热管埋在距地面35 cm处时效果最好.     

花后土壤水分胁迫对大麦旗叶蛋白质代谢及内源激素变化的影响

以防雨池栽的方式,研究了花后土壤水分胁迫对大麦旗叶蛋白质代谢及内源激素变化的影响。结果表明:土壤水分胁迫对旗叶蛋白质代谢影响较明显,干旱提高了旗叶可溶性蛋白含量;同时水分胁迫也提高了蛋白水解酶活性,且随胁迫时间的延长,蛋白酶活性呈增高趋势。这与土壤水分胁迫导致旗叶异戊烯基腺苷(iPA)含量下降、脱落酸(ABA)含量增加,从而引起旗叶早衰有密切关系。     

小白菜(Brassica chinensis)叶片硝酸盐与矿质元素含量的研究

在施用氮肥的基础上 ,配施足量的磷、钾肥显著提高小白菜产量 ;配施适量的氯化钠 ,其增产效果与氯化钾相近。故在蔬菜生产中 ,可适量施用人粪尿 ,这对于缓解我国钾肥紧张的状况和提高蔬菜产量有一定意义。小白菜叶片的硝酸盐和钠离子含量苗期 >旺长期 >成熟期 ;磷、钾含量成熟期 >旺长期 >苗期 ;全氮含量各生育期相似。所以 ,从减少硝酸盐和增加矿质元素的摄入的角度看 ,食用成熟蔬菜优于幼嫩蔬菜。施用磷、钾、钠一般能提高小白菜叶片的磷、钾、钠含量 ,但在旺盛生长的蔬菜叶片内 ,磷、钾出现稀释效应 ;营养不良和生长受到抑制时 ,磷、钾出现浓缩效应。此外 ,蔬菜叶片的硝酸盐与钾、有机态氮含量之间呈显著负相关 ,与钠含量呈显著正相关。所以 ,为了降低蔬菜硝酸盐和增加矿质元素的含量 ,方便有效的控制措施是成熟时采收 ,提倡施用磷、钾肥 ,防止钠离子过度积累