肥料~(15)N对烟叶氮和烟碱含量的影响

利用15N示踪技术在黄壤烟区研究了烤烟不同部位烟叶氮和烟碱含量的变化及肥料氮在烟碱中的分配。结果表明,不施氮肥的情况下,烟株第10片以上烟叶烟碱含量达到3.54%;施氮量为97.5kghm-2时,10片以上烟叶烟碱含量达到4.13%以上。烟碱积累在整个生育期是呈不断增加的趋势,于移栽后7周内积累较少,烟碱积累主要集中在9～15周,到烟叶采收结束17周为122.55kghm-2。烟叶进入成熟期后,烟碱含量与各部位烟叶来自土壤氮素比例呈正相关,其中与上部烟叶相关系数达0.88。烟碱总氮中来自肥料氮于下部、中部和上部烟叶分别占28.31%,26.63%和25.45%;相应构成烟碱的氮素中,下、中、上部烟叶中有来自土壤氮分别为71.69%、73.37%和74.55%。追肥氮占施氮总量30%条件下,烟碱中氮来自追肥氮在下、中和上部烟叶分别占14.25%、15.30%和14.94%,追肥氮是烟叶烟碱总氮主要氮源。     

内蒙古杭锦旗北部盐碱田温湿盐动态与生产利用

为探析水-热-盐关系以及植被对盐碱田改良的意义,利用2008年8月2日-8月6日在内蒙古杭锦旗黄河灌区盐碱田进行的试验观测数据,主要通过方差分析与典型相关分析方法对3个样地(裸地、紫花苜蓿地和玉米地)土壤温度(0-30cm土层)、湿度(0-20cm土层)、盐度(0-100cm土层)的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,3个样地的温(度)-湿(度)-盐(度)动态基本呈现裸地苜蓿地玉米地的格局;0-5cm地温与耕作层(0-20cm)的土壤水分具有显著相关关系,是0-30cm土层内地温驱动水盐动态的主要热力因子;植物能够减少土壤表层积盐,并可以降低碱化度;苜蓿地比玉米地具有更低的钠吸附比值。在盐碱地区选择耐盐碱牧草品种开展草田轮作,有益于盐碱土壤的改良与利用。     

灌溉农田土壤湿度的时空变化特征

为了探讨现代土壤墒情监测手段在业务监测实践中的应用方法,利用中国气象科学研究院固城生态与农业气象试验基地的业务和试验资料,对灌溉农田土壤湿度的时间变化特征和空间关系进行了分析。结果表明,灌溉农田的土壤湿度呈一年的周期性变化;浅层(0-50cm)土壤湿度时空波动显著,且各层的变化存在不一致性,60cm以下土层湿度时空变化很小,0-50cm土层的平均土壤湿度能较好地反映0-200cm土层的土壤水分状况,对土壤湿度的监测应集中在浅层50cm内,并需要逐层测量;浅层土壤湿度变异明显,大田中两点各层土壤湿度的相关性一般随两点距离增加而减小,单个测点的土壤湿度测值的代表性差,因此在自动土壤水分仪器布点时,要获得地段的平均土壤湿度信息,必须设置多个观测重复;表层5cm的土壤湿度变化剧烈而迅速,不能正确反映作物根系主要分布层的土壤水分状况,而表层10cm的土壤湿度与作物根系主要分布层的土壤湿度具有很好的联动性,可以较好地反映作物生长的环境土壤水分状况,因此,在应用微波遥感监测土壤墒情时,其对地表的探测深度需要达到10cm以上才能获得关于作物根系主要分布层的土壤水分状况信息,相应地,在土壤墒情微波遥感监测中,需要采用5GHz以下的频率。     

滴施磷酸二氢钾后土壤中磷的移动和分布

在室内采用土柱模拟滴灌施P肥,研究了P在土壤中的移动和分布。试验结果表明:①滴施含P量200mg/L的KH2PO4后P在砂壤土、轻壤土、重壤土中分别纵向移动了22、16、14cm。横向和纵向移动的距离基本相同。②随着滴施P浓度的增加,P的移动距离增大,P的主要累积层加深。赤红壤中滴施P浓度200、400、800、1000mg/L时,P分别移动了12、16、20、22cm,而且有效P和全P含量增加显著的土层深度分别为0～8、0～12、0～18、0～20cm。在相同质地情况下,滴施高浓度P肥溶液可以明显增加P的移动距离。     

水泥-粉煤灰基植生固沙材料的正交优化和氮、磷、钾初期释放速率研究

以本实验室设计的配方来制备水泥-粉煤灰基固沙材料,以3～4个月释放期的美国Osmocote 14-14-14为控释肥肥源,以PAM、自制SAP1和SAP2为吸水保水剂,采用沙柱法对植生固沙材料的吸水剂种类、吸水剂用量、肥料用量和水灰比材料参数进行正交优化试验,研究材料参数与NPK释放速率和材料抗压、抗折强度的关系。结果表明,影响N释放速率的主要因素是肥料用量和吸水剂种类,影响抗折强度的主要因素是水灰比和吸水剂种类,优化配方是1.5%PAM,0.8 g Osmocote/100 g沙和水灰比为1.2。在水泥-粉煤灰基固沙材料中NPK的28 d初期释放量大小顺序为K＞N＞P,其原因是水泥基材料富钾和固磷特性使得增K减P,水泥基材料毛细孔多孔特征使得N将以气态氨和液态銨释放。N的初期释放率受N的水溶肿胀和控释肥薄膜孔缝扩大速度的影响。     

Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

Soil texture affects soil microbial and structural recovery during grassland restoration

Many biotic and abiotic factors influence recovery of soil communities following prolonged disturbance. We investigated the role of soil texture in the recovery of soil microbial community structure and changes in microbial stress, as indexed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, using two chronosequences of grasslands restored from 0 to 19 years on silty clay loam and loamy fine sand soils in Nebraska, USA. All restorations were formerly cultivated fields seeded to native warm-season grasses through the USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program. Increases in many PLFA concentrations occurred across the silty clay loam chronosequence including total PLFA biomass, richness, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes. Ratios of saturated:monounsaturated and iso:anteiso PLFAs decreased across the silty clay loam chronosequence indicating reduction in nutrient stress of the microbial community as grassland established. Multivariate analysis of entire PLFA profiles across the silty clay loam chronosequence showed recovery of microbial community structure on the trajectory toward native prairie. Conversely, no microbial groups exhibited a directional change across the loamy fine sand chronosequence. Changes in soil structure were also only observed across the silty clay loam chronosequence. Aggregate mean weighted diameter (MWD) exhibited an exponential rise to maximum resulting from an exponential rise to maximum in the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2000 μm) and exponential decay in microaggregates (<250 μm and >53 μm) and the silt and clay fraction (<53 μm). Across both chronosequences, MWD was highly correlated with total PLFA biomass and the biomass of many microbial groups. Strong correlations between many PLFA groups and the MWD of aggregates underscore the interdependence between the recovery of soil microbial communities and soil structure that may explain more variation than time for some soils (i.e., loamy fine sand). This study demonstrates that soil microbial responses to grassland restoration are modulated by soil texture with implications for estimating the true capacity of restoration efforts to rehabilitate ecosystem functions.     

农村生活污水分散式处理现状与问题探讨

农村生活污水治理是改善农村人居环境、实施乡村振兴战略的重要举措和全面建成小康社会的内在要求。基于农村生活污水分散式处理工艺的现状与问题的分析,对广东省农村生活污水处理工艺模式进行了实地调研,选取广州市增城区某村的厌氧+人工湿地工艺、珠海市斗门区某村的土地渗滤工艺、中山市横栏镇某村的MBR工艺和佛山市顺德区某村的A~2O工艺,进行定点检测,分析4种工艺对生活污水COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的处理情况,探讨4种工艺的运行效果及其成因。结果表明,4种工艺总体上污染指标进水浓度波动较大,存在明显的峰值特征,去除率日变化系数较大,大部分污染指标的日均去除率低于60%。4种工艺的COD处理效果基本达标,但是氮磷超标较多,A~2O工艺和厌氧+人工湿地工艺的出水NH_4~+-N、TN和TP浓度未达到国家一级B标准,MBR工艺出水TP浓度未达到国家一级B标准,其原因与C/N过低、处理设施运行维护不善等有关。研究表明,对农村生活污水处理工艺的选择应遵循因地制宜的原则;使用中应加强处理设施维护管理,提高生活污水氮磷处理效率和长期持效性。     

铁改性木本泥炭对镉砷复合污染稻田的修复效果研究

铁改性木本泥炭是一种新型环保有机类土壤调理剂,在稻田镉砷复合污染治理方面具有很大的应用潜力。为研究铁改性木本泥炭对稻田镉砷同步钝化效果的稳定性,在珠三角地区开展了三年的田间定位试验。结果表明:施加铁改性木本泥炭可显著降低稻米镉砷含量,下降率分别达到了41.3% ～ 57.6%和40.1%～55.8%;;可显著促进水稻增产,水稻单季撒施2 250 kg/hm~2铁改性木本泥炭,水稻增产810 ～1 125 kg/hm~2,增产率为14.3% ～18.4%;土壤的有效态镉和有效态砷含量同步降低,下降率分别为25.8% ～ 46.4%和42.6%～ 56.1%。而单施木本泥炭仅对稻米镉的吸收积累表现出较好的抑制作用,单施铁粉仅抑制了稻米砷的积累。此外,施加铁改性木本泥炭后,土壤pH提高了0.33 ～ 0.44个单位,有机质增加了2.1 ～ 3.3 g/kg,阳离子交换能力(CEC)提高了1.0～2.6 cmol/kg。这表明铁改性木本泥炭可以有效改善土壤的理化性质。对比2016—2018三年(六季)铁改性木本泥炭修复稻田镉砷复合污染效果发现,3年间早稻稻米镉砷含量下降率、产量增幅的年际差异均较小,晚稻亦然,表明铁改性木本泥炭可以稳定地抑制稻米镉砷积累、提高稻米产量。     

地膜覆盖与施肥对秸秆碳氮在土壤中固存的影响

[目的]作物秸秆不仅含有较高的有机碳,而且含有丰富的矿质营养元素.秸秆还田是东北黑土地区培肥土壤和农业可持续发展的重要技术措施.然而不同地膜覆盖(简称"覆膜")及施肥方式下秸秆碳(C)和氮(N)在土壤中的固持特征还不是很明确.本研究通过定量分析秸秆碳对土壤有机碳(SOC)和秸秆氮对土壤全氮(TN)的贡献,探讨不同覆膜和...