Cross‐linked polyacrylates in post‐mining substrates: persistence and effects on plant growth

Application of hydrophilic polymers composed of cross‐linked polyacrylate can improve soil water‐holding capacity and accelerate the restoration of post‐mining substrates. In this work, we studied the persistence of a polyacrylate polymer incorporated into a soil and its impact on plant nutrients at a reclamation site of former lignite mining in Lusatia (Germany). In contrast to autumn application, the incorporation of the polymer enhanced the sequestration of plant‐derived carbon in the soil, which was reflected by a significant increase in the concentration of a lignin marker. Attenuated total reflexion–Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR‐FTIR) and total elemental contents in the applied polymer suggested an intensive cation exchange between the polymer framework and the soil‐forming substrate. In addition, there was an enrichment of carbonaceous material, which seems to reduce the swelling and thus the water‐holding capacity of the cross‐linked polyacrylate. Conversely, this process protected the polymer structure from rapid decomposition.     

局地尺度高寒草原土壤真菌多样性对地上植物多样性与生产力关系的调控作用

为研究局地尺度高寒草原土壤真菌多样性对地上植物多样性与生产力关系的调控作用，本研究以青海省湟源县局地尺度高寒草原为研究对象，对不同植物多样性梯度的地上生产力、土壤理化性状和土壤真菌多样性等指标进行调查、采样和分析。通过偏回归分析（partial least squares regression，PLSR）、方差分解分析（variance partitioning analysis，VPA）、构建结构方程模型（structural equation model，SEM）等分析手段，分析了土壤真菌多样性对地上植物多样性与生产力关系的调控作用。结果表明，高寒草原植物多样性与地上生产力存在显著线性正相关关系；土壤真菌多样性分别与植物多样性和地上生产力呈显著正相关关系；通过PLSR，VPA，SEM等方法控制土壤非生物因子效应后，真菌多样性与二者的显著正相关关系仍存在。综上所述，局地尺度下青海省湟源县高寒草原土壤真菌多样性是调控地上植物多样性与生产力正向关系的关键生物因子。     

Effect of Dietary Lactobacillus fermentum from Pig on Growth Performance,Nutrient Apparent Digestibility,Faecal Microflora Number and Serum Immune Indices in Weaned Piglets

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, faecal microflora number and serum immune indices of weaned piglets.A total of 160 weaned piglets with an average age of (30±2) days and averge body weight of (7.85±0.68) kg were randomly distributed into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 10 piglets per replicate feeding basal diet, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% Lactobacillus fermentum supplementation diets, respectively.The experiment lasted for 35 d.The results showed that, compared with the control group, the average daily gain, the feed conversion ratio, the apparent digestibility of crude protein, calcium and total phosphorusin of Lactobacillus fermentum groups were all increased in varying degrees.The optimum supplemental level of Lactobacillus fermentum should be 0.2%, and at this level, the average daily gain was significantly increased by 8.70% (P<0.05), the F/G was decreased by 4.62% (P<0.05), the apparent digestibility of crude protein, calcium and total phosphorus were significantly increased (P<0.05), the number of faecal E.coli was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum IgG was significantly increased by 8.39% (P<0.05).The results indicated that Lactobacillus fermentum supplementation could improve the immune function, growth performance, the apparent digestibility of crude protein, calcium and total phosphorus and reduce the number of faecal E.coli of weaned piglets.     

Effect of energy and protein levels on performance,egg quality,and nutrient digestibility of laying pigeons

A total of 3,240 female Taisheng pigeons at 40 wk age were fed 9 diets containing 3 ME levels (2,630, 2,770, and 2,940 kcal/kg) and 3 CP levels (14.0, 15.0, and 16.0%) in a factorial arrangement. These diets were fed to investigate the effects of ME and CP on performance, egg quality, and nutrient digestibility. Female pigeons were housed under the same managerial conditions and randomly assigned into 9 treatments (6 replicates of 60 birds each). Two female–female paired pigeons housed in one cage were under a 16L:8D lighting cycle. Feed in pellet form and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. The study lasted 12 wk. As dietary ME level increased from 2,630 to 2,940 kcal/kg, BW, egg production, and apparent DM, crude fat (CF), and phosphorus (i.e., P) digestibilities increased (P < 0.05), feed intake decreased (P < 0.05), and feed conversion efficiency increased (P < 0.05). Increasing the level of dietary protein from 14 to 16% resulted in an increased (P < 0.05) BW, shell percentage, length of the major axis, and DM digestibility. Therefore, dietary ME had a greater influence on the performance of Taisheng laying pigeons than did dietary protein.     

递增注射脂多糖诱导慢性免疫应激对仔猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究递增30%注射脂多糖(LPS)诱导仔猪慢性免疫应激的效果及对仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率的影响。选取16头断奶仔猪,随机分为2组(对照组、LPS组),单笼饲养。LPS组隔天静脉注射LPS,初始注射剂量80μg/kg BW,随后逐次递增30%,对照组注射相应剂量的生理盐水,试验期15 d。研究发现:仔猪注射LPS第1、5天血浆白细胞介素-1β和皮质醇含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),第9天血浆皮质醇有高于对照组的趋势(P=0.10),整个试验期内血浆结合珠蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,注射LPS仔猪在试验的3个阶段(1~4 d、5~8 d和9~15 d)平均日增重分别降低了40.00%(P0.01)、29.52%(P0.05)和19.30%(P0.05),平均日采食量分别降低了25.09%(P=0.01)、23.15%(P0.05)和19.47%(P0.05),增重耗料比与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。与对照组相比,注射LPS仔猪饲粮干物质表观消化率下降了5.43%(P0.05),能量表观消化率有降低的趋势(P=0.06),粗脂肪和粗蛋白质表观消化率略有降低(P0.10)。试验结果表明,递增30%注射LPS成功诱导仔猪慢性免疫应激,降低了仔猪平均日采食量和营养物质表观消化率,抑制了仔猪生长。     

饲粮添加硬脂酰乳酸钠对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标及养分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标及养分表观消化率的影响。试验选择25日龄的断奶仔猪336头,按体重随机分为6组,每组7个重复,每个重复8头猪。各组仔猪饲粮中SSL添加水平分别为0(对照)、250、500、750、1 000和2 000 mg/kg,试验分2个阶段,每阶段21 d。试验测定仔猪生长性能,谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆固醇等血清生化指标及能量、干物质、氮和粗脂肪表观消化率。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)饲粮中添加500、750和1 000 mg/kg SSL能显著降低仔猪第2阶段料重比(P0.05),添加1000 mg/kg SSL显著降低全期料重比(P0.05);2)饲粮中添加SSL有降低试验第42天仔猪血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性,增加血清高密度蛋白胆固醇含量及高密度蛋白胆固醇/低密度蛋白胆固醇值的趋势,且当添加水平为2 000 mg/kg时差异达到显著水平(P0.05);3)饲粮中添加SSL能显著提高粗脂肪表观消化率(P0.05),并且有提高氮及能量表观消化率的趋势,当添加水平为2 000 mg/kg时差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。结果提示,饲粮添加SSL能降低仔猪料重比,提高饲料养分尤其是粗脂肪的表观消化率。     

Ecological implications of motor oil pollution: Earthworm survival and soil health

The nontarget effects of fresh and used motor oil were studied in a soil test system involving such criteria as earthworm survival, response of soil dehydrogenase and urease, and nitrification. When earthworms were exposed to motor oil-contaminated soil for 4 weeks, the observed median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were 40.33 and 3.88 g kg⁻¹ soil for fresh and used oil, respectively. Only fresh motor oil application increased earthworms' body weight even at the higher dose of 19 g kg⁻¹ soil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that used motor oil contained more of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals than fresh oil. This disparity in the chemical composition might be the factor responsible for the significant toxicity of used motor oil towards earthworms. Activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were significantly enhanced in presence of both the motor oils, while there was a significant inhibition in nitrification by the used motor oil even at a low concentration of 0.2 g kg⁻¹ soil. This study clearly demonstrated that earthworm survival and nitrification could serve as suitable indices to assess motor oil pollution in soil.     

Vineyard soil bacterial diversity and composition revealed by 16S rRNA genes: Differentiation by geographic features

Here, we examine soil-borne microbial biogeography as a function of the features that define an American Viticultural Area (AVA), a geographically delimited American wine grape-growing region, defined for its distinguishing features of climate, geology, soils, physical features (topography and water), and elevation. In doing so, we lay a foundation upon which to link the terroir of wine back to the soil-borne microbial communities. The objective of this study is to elucidate the hierarchy of drivers of soil bacterial community structure in wine grape vineyards in Napa Valley, California. We measured differences in the soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and diversity by sequencing the fourth variable region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S V4 rDNA). Soil bacterial communities were structured with respect to soil properties and AVA, demonstrating the complexity of soil microbial biogeography at the landscape scale and within the single land-use type. Location and edaphic variables that distinguish AVAs were the strongest explanatory factors for soil microbial community structure. Notably, the relationship with TC and TN of the <53 μm and 53–250 μm soil fractions offers support for the role of bacterial community structure rather than individual taxa on fine soil organic matter content. We reason that AVA, climate, and topography each affect soil microbial communities through their suite of impacts on soil properties. The identification of distinctive soil microbial communities associated with a given AVA lends support to the idea that soil microbial communities form a key in linking wine terroir back to the biotic components of the soil environment, suggesting that the relationship between soil microbial communities and wine terroir should be examined further.     

有机改良剂对温室土壤及番茄质量的影响

研究了优培-海藻生物有机肥(Y)、微生物菌肥(W)和腐植酸有机肥对日光温室土壤的理化性质、有效态微量元素含量、酶活性以及番茄品质等方面的影响,旨在探索快速、简易且廉价的土壤改良方法,为日光温室土壤改良及有机蔬菜生产提供理论依据。结果表明,不同土壤改良剂对土壤p H无显著影响,在番茄生育期内土壤p H值始终在7.0以上,没有出现酸化问题;拉秧后,除中量腐植酸有机肥(FM)外,其他各处理均能有效降低土壤EC值并达到极显著水平;各处理对提升有效态Mn、Zn和Fe含量的效果不显著,其中,仅高量腐植酸有机肥处理(FH)能同时提高开花结果盛期0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的有效态Zn含量,与CK相比,分别增加10.8%和13.2%;不同土壤改良剂均可提高土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性;不同土壤改良剂对碱性磷酸酶的酶活性影响较小;微生物菌肥对酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的酶活性影响相对明显;不同土壤改良剂均能提高番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C的含量,其中,中量腐植酸有机肥处理提高了番茄的糖酸比。土壤改良剂可有效改善日光温室土壤特性及番茄品质。     

饲粮铜源及水平对育成期雄性水貂生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及氮、铜代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮铜源及水平对育成期雄性水貂生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及氮、铜代谢的影响。采用3×3+1双因素试验设计,设3种铜源(硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜、蛋氨酸铜)和3个铜添加水平(10、25、40 mg/kg),1个对照组。选择60日龄健康、体重接近的美国短毛黑雄性水貂120只,随机分成10组,每组12个重复,每个重复1只貂。预试期7 d,正试期45 d。结果表明:1)水貂的平均日采食量随饲粮铜添加水平的增加呈极显著线性增加(P0.01),并且平均日增重随饲粮铜添加水平的增加也呈线性增加(P=0.053)。2)水貂的粗脂肪表观消化率随饲粮铜添加水平的增加呈极显著线性增加(P0.01),并且粗蛋白质表观消化率随饲粮铜添加水平的增加也呈显著线性增加(P0.05)。3)水貂铜摄入量、粪铜排泄量、尿铜排泄量以及铜沉积量均随饲粮铜添加水平的增加呈极显著线性增加(P0.01),然而铜的表观吸收率却随饲粮铜添加水平的增加呈极显著线性降低(P0.01)。水貂对碱式氯化铜和蛋氨酸铜的表观吸收率极显著高于对硫酸铜的表观吸收率(P0.01)。水貂氮沉积量随饲粮铜添加水平的增加而呈显著线性增加(P0.05)。由此可见,基础饲粮中铜含量为8.05 mg/kg时,饲粮添加40 mg/kg的铜能改善育成期雄性水貂生长性能,提高水貂粗脂肪表观消化率;育成期雄性水貂对碱式氯化铜和蛋氨酸铜的表观吸收率高于对硫酸铜的表观吸收率。