Interaction of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize with extractable soil phosphorus levels and nitrogen-potassium fertilizers

Summary A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to determine whether increasing extractable soil P levels would affect vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) of maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent uptake of P and production of dry matter. Five levels of extractable soil P were established on an Aquic Dystrochrept soil with high and low NK fertilization. The results show that as extractable soil-P levels increase the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize decrease, but P concentrations in both leaf and root tissue increase. There was a significant interaction between the extractable soil-P levels and NK treatment. At the low soil-P level NK fertilization increased mycorrhizae, while at the high soil-P levels NK fertilization reduced mycorrhizae. Dry-matter production generally paralleled extractable soil-P levels from 1.0 mg P kg^–1 to a maximum at 10 mg P kg^–1 soil (by ammonium acetate, pH 4.8). The reduction in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae at the highest levels of extractable soil P apparently was not critical to either P uptake or dry-matter production.Scientific contribution No. 1196 Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station     

Carbon distribution and losses: erosion and deposition effects

Because of concerns about the eventual impact of atmospheric CO₂ accumulations, there is growing interest in reducing net CO₂ emissions from soil and increasing C storage in soil. This review presents a framework to assess soil erosion and deposition processes on the distribution and loss of C in soils. The physical processes of erosion and deposition affect soil C distribution in two main ways and should be considered when evaluating the impact of agriculture on C storage. First, these processes redistribute considerable amounts of soil C, within a toposequence or a field, or to a distant site. Accurate estimates of soil redistribution in the landscape or field are needed to quantify the relative magnitude of soil lost by erosion and accumulated by deposition. Secondly, erosion and deposition drastically alter the biological process of C mineralization in soil landscapes. Whereas erosion and deposition only redistribute soil and organic C, mineralization results in a net loss of C from the soil system to the atmosphere. Little is known about the magnitude of organic C losses by mineralization and those due to erosion, but the limited data available suggest that mineralization predominates in the first years after the initial cultivation of the soil, and that erosion becomes a major factor in later years. Soils in depositional sites usually contain a larger proportion of the total organic C in labile fractions of soil C because this material can be easily transported. If the accumulation of soil in depositional areas is extensive, the net result of the burial (and subsequent reduction in decomposition) of this active soil organic matter would be increased C storage. Soil erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation. At regional or global levels its greatest impact on C storage may be in affecting soil productivity. Erosion usually results in decreased primary productivity, which in turn adversely affects C storage in soil because of the reduced quantity of organic C returned to the soil as plant residues. Thus the use of management practices that prevent or reduce soil erosion may be the best strategy to maintain, or possibly increase, the worlds soil C storage.     

安徽省石灰岩风化物发育土壤的特性和系统分类

本文研究了安徽省石灰岩风化物的发育的土壤,根据土壤特性,依照《中国土壤系统分类（修订方案）》探讨８个土壤剖面在土壤系统分类中的归属,其中２个剖面为黑色岩性均腐土土类,１个剖面为钙质润湿淋溶土土类,５个剖面为钙质湿润雏形土土类。     

依托重点治理 发展区域经济——全国七大流域水土保持工程黄河流域四大治理片成效与经验

黄河流域的无定河、三川河,皇甫川,定西县从１９８２年起,被列入国家重点治理区。１５年来,共实施重点治理小流域８０１条。通过多年的连续、综合治理,治理区的自然面貌和经济状况发生了显著变化,已成为区域经济发展的基础工程。在工程建设中,总结出了以市场为导向,以经济效益为中心,治理开发相结合,突出规模,重点突破,重视科技应用和机制转换,加强自身建设等一系列成功经验。在今后的工作中要把预防监督,措施的配套完     

Effects of soil rock fragment content on the USLE-K factor estimating and its influencing factors

Rock fragments are an important component of soil, and their presence has a significant impact on soil erosion and sediment yield. In this paper, the effects of rock fragments in the topsoil profile (RFP) and rock fragments on the soil surface (RFS) on the soil erodibility factor (K) were assessed at a global scale. The spatial pattern of the relationship between stoniness and erodibility (R_S-K) and its predominant factors were explored through correlation analysis, pattern analysis, and random forest model analysis. The results were as followings: (1) The existence of RFP increased K by 2.84%. The RFS of the mountain land and desert/Gobi reduced K by 18.7%; therefore, once the RFP and RFS were taken into account in the calculation, K was 6.98% lower. (2) The predominant factors of the effect of RFS and the joint effect of RFP and RFS were elevation and slope gradient. The predominant factors of the effect of RFP were annual average precipitation and annual average temperature. (3) In assessing and mapping soil erosion in large regions, special attention should be given to areas with large rock fragment contents, a relatively high altitude, and the presence of steep slope. If rock fragments were not taken into consideration, the mapping results of soil erosion may be biased. This article made the calculation of K more complete and accurate, thereby improving the accuracy of regional soil erosion estimation. This research was of significance for the investigation of global hydrological effects and simulation of the global soil carbon budget.     

新银合欢林土壤理化性质—微生物量耦合协调关系研究

新银合欢因具有抗旱、速生等特点和良好的水土保持功能,在工程扰动区生态修复中被广泛采用。研究新银合欢林土壤理化性质与微生物量的耦合协调关系,可为现有新银合欢林植被恢复效果的可持续性调控提供科学参考。研究采用空间代替时间序列的方法,通过方差分析、相关性分析和偏最小二乘路径模型探究向家坝工程扰动区6种不同龄级新银合欢林土壤理化性质与微生物量的耦合协调关系。结果表明：①原生草地群落A1土壤含水量、养分水平和微生物量均最高,新银合欢入侵后在草灌阶段土壤含水量、养分水平和微生物量显著下降。新银合欢成为灌丛时A3群落土壤含水率、有机碳、全氮、全磷、微生物碳、氮含量分别下降为A1群落的51.2%、33.9%、31.6%、27.1%、72.8%和61.5%,pH值上升至8.16使得土壤更为碱化。②土壤微生物碳氮含量与土壤含水率的相关性达显著或极显著水平（P<0.05或P<0.01）,土壤微生物碳熵也与土壤全氮等含量呈显著相关;土壤含水率、养分水平和微生物量三者之间相互影响且作用显著,高土壤含水率有利于土壤养分与微生物量的存在和转化。③原生样地结构稳定,协调度D较高（0.7162）;新银合欢入侵后,协调度随着新银合欢林龄增大呈现波动下降,至A4群落时协调度降至最小值（0.5012）;在乔木阶段土壤养分与微生物量缓慢增加且趋于稳定,协调度缓慢上升,最终在新银合欢纯林时稳定趋于勉强协调发展类型。因此,针对不同龄级新银合欢林,要根据不同恢复阶段的土壤生境条件采取不同调控措施,在植被恢复的物种搭配选择上应注重草灌结合,促进土壤以及整个生态系统的健康发展。     

免耕法对土壤微生物和生物活性的影响

本文比较常耕和免耕法对土壤微生物和生物学活性的影响.结果表明,连续免耕6-7年的砂壤土中微生物的数量较集中分布于上表层,常耕处理则相对均匀地分布于经常翻动的土层中.0-7cm表层土壤中微生物的优势种群在两种耕法中有一定差异,特别是霉菌.免耕处理0-7cm土壤培养1天的呼吸活性是常耕处理的2.1倍,尿酶活性是常耕处理的1.6倍.但随着土层的加深,免耕处理的呼吸活性、尿酶活性下降很快,至7-14cm处分别下降56%、71%.培养40天时0-7cm土壤无机氮释放量免耕和常耕处理分别为48.1、34.5mgN/kg,而7-14cm土层则分别为21.5、29.1mgN/kg.不加碳源只加入硫铵培养3天土壤中无机氮的减少在10%左右,免耕上表层0-7cm土壤减少较多,反映土壤微生物对无机氮的固定作用.长期免耕使具有高生物学活性的土层变得浅薄,而常耕处理则较为深厚.     

Influence of soil ingestion by earthworms on the availability of potassium in soil: An incubation experiment

Summary An incubation experiment was conducted to study the changes that occur in the K status of soil due to earthworm activity. Samples of Tokomaru silt loam soil were inoculated with the common pasture earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa and incubated for 21 days. Aliquots of moist soil were analyzed for exchangeable K by leaching with neutral molar ammonium acetate at 1:50 soil solution ratio. Extraction with boiling 1 M nitric acid at 1:100 soil solution ratio for 20 min was used to determine available non-exchangeable K. The results indicated that the exchangeable K content increased significantly due to earthworm activity but nitric acid-extractable K did not change significantly. It is inferred that earthworms increase the availability of K by shifting the equilibrium among the forms of K from relatively un-available forms to more available forms in the soil chosen for the study.     

生鲜乳中兽药残留的快速筛查与风险预警体系构建

该研究探索并构建一种基于历史数据分析的安全预警方法,对生鲜乳中兽药残留情况进行识别、控制与评价,以便在风险发生之前做出准确判断。首先利用高效液相色谱-高分辨飞行时间串联质谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography-high Resolution Time-of-flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry,HPLC-TOF-MS/MS)方法对上海市各牧场的生鲜乳进行兽药残留筛查,然后以生鲜乳中泼尼松(Prednisone,Pre)残留检出数为例,利用休哈特控制图(Shewhart control charts)构建风险预警体系。结果表明:在300个生鲜乳样品中共筛查出42种兽药残留,涉及类固醇类(12种)、糖皮质类(6种)和镇静剂(5种)等12大类;在筛查的6个星期中,泼尼松检出数(Number of Prednisone Detected,Pn)控制图呈现稳定的状态;当假设第7周泼尼松检出数为6时,Pn控制图呈现稳态,未触发预警;当假设第7周泼尼松检出数为10时,Pn控制图出现异常,稳态遭到破坏,此时该批样品触发风险预警。综上,利用HPLC-TOF-MS/MS能对生鲜乳样品进行高通量的兽药残留筛查,再利用休哈特控制图结合历史数据可以对生鲜乳样品的兽药残留进行有效的风险监测和预警。     

灌溉和翻耕对土壤呼吸速率的影响

[目的]通过一个灌溉和翻耕循环时段的土壤呼吸测定,了解灌溉和翻耕后土壤呼吸的变化规律。[方法]利用闭合动态法（LI-Cor6400）在晋中盆地进行了灌溉和翻耕条件下土壤呼吸的比较测定。[结果]试验结果表明,在温度相同的条件下,灌溉和耕作能明显增强土壤呼吸。灌溉地土壤呼吸的平均值大约是未灌溉地的2.3-2.4倍。耕作地土壤呼吸的平均值大约是未耕作地的1.9-2.0倍。灌溉处理的土壤呼吸值是对照的3.0倍左右。t检验表明,对照和灌溉处理之间的土壤呼吸差异均为极显著。[结论]灌溉和翻耕均能明显增强土壤呼吸。