Involvement of spleen components of mature fowl in the primary and secondary humoral antibody response following experimental EDS'76 virus infection

Summary

Cellular changes in spleens of mature fowl in relation to both the primary and secondary humoral antibody response following experimentalEDS'76 virus infection were studied. The influence of splenectomy on humoral antibody response was also examined.

Experimental fowl had been naturally infected with fowl adenovirus (FAV) but did not possess precipitins to these viruses at the time of EDS’ 76 virus infection. Since EDS'76 infection provokes a recall of the group antibody to FAV, this infection simultaneously induces a primary response against EDS’ 76 virus and a secondary response due to the recall of the group antibody to FAV.

HI and precipitating antibodies toEDS'76 virus (primary response) werefirst detected at 6 and 8 days p.i. respectively. Curves of HI, precipating and neutralising antibody titres were biphasic; the first peak (IgM peak) occurred at 10–11 days p.i., the second (IgG peak) at 16–28 days p.i.

Precipitating antibodies to FAV (secondary response) were demonstrated from 4 days p.i. The curve of these antibody titres was also biphasic, with peaks at the same times as in the primary response.

Based on HI and AGP testing of primary and secondary immune response in both splenectomised and non‐splenectomised fowl it is concluded that in the primary response the spleen of the adult fowl is involved significantly in only IgM secretion, while in the secondary response it is likely that bothIgM and IgG are secreted in considerable amounts.

Clusters of lymphoblasts and plasmablasts were observed at 3 days p.i. in the red pulp. It is very likely that antigen‐antibody complexes are formed from that time and circulate bound to the surface of lymphocytes. These antigen‐loaded lymphocytes are ‘picked up’ from the blood stream by

– red pulp macrophages, leading to enhanced formation of lymphoblasts in the red pulp. Great numbers of these cells (which are very probably IgM secreting cells) were present on days 6 and 7 p.i., but were no longer detectable after day 10 p.i.

– macrophages of the macrophagalellipsoidal corona (MEC), leading to significant enlargement of the periellipsoidal lymphoid tissue(PELT) by an increase of the number of lymphocytes observedfrom days 4–12 p.i. The MEC was significantly enlarged from 7–12 days p.i., very likely due to an increased number of macrophages.

Following deposition of antigen in the white pulp, formation of follicles begins. The number of small, intact follicles includingfollicle precursors increasedfrom 6 days p.i. From 15 days p.i. to the end of the experiment both the number and size of follicles increased significantly.

Uptake and processing of antigen by macrophages is probably accompanied by death of some of these cells. This might explain the degenerative changes observed in large mesenchymal cells, probably macrophages, at 3 and 5 days p.i. in the red pulp and at 5 and 6 days especially in the MEC. Splenitis which was present at 3 and 5 days p.i. and oedema observed in and around ellipsoidal cells at 5 days p.i. may be due to mediators released from these degenerative macrophages.

A significantly increased number of follicles with lymphoblasts was seen from 2–15 days p.i. while lymphoblasts and plasmablasts were present in the PELT from 5–15 days p.i., but predominantly at 6 and 7 days p.i. It is likely that disruption of follicles and blast transformation of white pulp lymphoid cells are secondary response events. White pulp lymphoblastsand plasmablastsare probably IgG secreting cells.

Splenomegaly was observed at 3, 5 and 6 days after infection and was mainly due to swelling of red pulp macrophages and infiltration of granulocytes in the red pulp. Ellipsoidal and periellipsoidal changes could contribute to the splenomegaly at 5 and 6 days p.i.     

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新疆北部绢蒿荒漠水源圈土壤养分的梯度变化

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卵巢表皮上皮的生物学特性及其细胞培养

将近90%以上的恶性卵巢癌发生于覆盖在卵巢表面的单层上皮细胞——卵巢表皮上皮(ovarian surface epithelium,OSE),将其称之为卵巢表皮癌。由于先前研究人员未找到合适的动物模型,卵巢表皮上皮细胞的培养方法在近期才得以确立。作者旨在于总结卵巢表皮上皮的生物学特性及其细胞培养方法和不同物种间卵巢表皮上皮特性的变化。     

新疆紫花苜蓿根瘤菌XGL026发酵条件的响应面法优化筛选

在摇瓶培养条件下对分离获得的抗逆、高效新疆紫花苜蓿中华根瘤菌（Sinorhizobium sp.） XGL026菌株的发酵条件进行优化。依据单因素试验结果,采用Plackett-Burman设计对菌体生长的影响因素进行效应评价,筛选出麦芽糖浓度、酵母膏浓度及初始pH是显著影响菌株生长的主要因子。响应面法优化获得根瘤菌XGL026的最佳培养基为：麦芽糖27.20 g·L^-1,酵母膏10.54 g·L^-1,K₂HPO₄0.8 g·L^-1,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.2 g·L^-1,NaCl 0.1 g·L^-1,初始pH 6.98。在转速150 r·min^-1, 28℃条件下摇瓶培养24 h,活菌数可达3.47×10¹² cfu·mL^-1。通过3次重复的发酵试验验证,与预测值相对误差为1.17%,表明模型拟合效果良好。     

放牧对新疆天山山地草甸土壤团聚体和土壤呼吸潜力的影响

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