不同光照强度对新娘草叶片形态建成及超微结构的影响

为探究新娘草叶片对光照变化的形态建成和超微结构的响应机制,以新娘草茎段扦插苗为试验材料,通过遮阳网人工模拟5种光环境(遮光度分别为0、25%、50%、75%、95%)进行试验,研究不同光照强度对新娘草叶片生长及超微结构的影响。结果表明:随光强的减弱,新娘草叶长、叶宽和叶面积呈先增后减的变化趋势。在遮光75%时,叶长、叶宽和叶面积达到峰值,叶面颜色由黄绿色变为浓绿色,叶背颜色由深紫色变为浅紫色,在遮光95%时,紫色消失。光强对叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、叶绿素a+b[Chl (a+b)]和花色素苷(Ant)含量均有显著影响(P<0.05):Chl a、Chl b和Chl (a+b)含量与光强呈负相关,Ant含量与光强呈正相关。新娘草叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度均随光强的降低而显著降低(P<0.05),而栅栏/海绵组织厚度和组织密实度均在50%遮光下达到峰值。全光及遮光25%条件对叶肉细胞的超微结构产生了轻微的破坏,造成部分基粒类囊体片层和基质类囊体片层的扩张,淀粉粒体积变大,而极端弱光(遮光95%)对叶肉细胞的超微结构产生了巨大的破坏,使得部分叶绿体解体,淀粉粒空洞。研究结果表明新娘草具有较强的光适应性,可以通过调整叶形、叶色、叶片解剖结构的方式适应不同的光环境,适度的光照强度(遮光50%~75%)有利于新娘草维持最佳的生长状态,而在极端弱光环境(遮光95%)下新娘草虽能存活,但叶片内部器官的结构产生了不可逆的损伤。     

伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂的研究

本试验研制伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂,并对其理化性能、稳定性、体外药物释放及透皮性能进行评价。采用三元相图筛选不同载药量的纳米乳,确定最佳载药量;采用响应面优化设计筛选纳米乳处方,考察了伊维菌素纳米乳的平均粒径、电位、形态、pH、黏度等性能;分别采用透析袋法和Franz扩散池法比较伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂与市售伊维菌素皮肤涂剂的体外释放行为和透皮性能。结果显示,载药量为2.00%时,纳米乳区域最大、最稳定;获得的优选处方为聚氧乙烯蓖麻油 :二乙二醇单乙基醚 :油酸乙酯 :伊维菌素 :水=26 :12 :7: 2: 53;所得伊维菌素纳米乳的平均粒径为18 nm;伊维菌素纳米乳在室温条件和4 ℃冰箱中保存1年仍稳定;其24 h皮肤累积渗透量和滞留量分别是市售伊维菌素皮肤涂剂的3.24和2.05倍。研究结果表明,研制的新型伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂具有制备工艺简便、稳定性好、透皮性能好等优点,具有很好的应用前景。     

玉树高寒草甸不同利用方式下土壤微生物的特征

连续2年对青海玉树高寒草甸的3种不同利用草地(天然草地、灭鼠草地、灭鼠+围封草地)的微生物类群及微生物量碳、氮、磷空间含量及变化特征进行了研究,分析不同利用方式下土壤微生物特征及其变化规律.以探讨不同利用措施对玉树退化草地土壤微生物的影响.结果表明:同一利用方式下,不同土壤层(0~5, 5~10和10~15 cm)土壤各微生物类群主要分布在土壤表层,且数量均随着土壤深度增加而减少.不同利用方式下,同一土壤层内,灭鼠和灭鼠+围封草地对土壤细菌、真菌与放线菌和微生物各氮素类群数量有一定的促进作用;微生物量碳、氮和磷含量均表现为灭鼠和灭鼠+围封草地显著高于天然草地;各草地类型中微生物数量是细菌>放线菌>真菌.表明天然草地经灭鼠和围封处理利用时均有利于草地土壤中微生物的活动,有利于草地的自然更新和保护物种多样性.     

Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci on a farm: staff can harbour MRS when animals do not

The aim of this work was to establish the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS) in the animals and staff of a teaching and research farm. Samples of dairy cattle (36), beef cattle (26), sheep (19), horses (21), pigs (23), goats (23) and humans (13) were collected and screened for the presence of MRS. The detection of mecA gene was performed by PCR to determine the resistance of the samples to methicillin. Antimicrobial-resistance testing to penicillin, meropenem, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, oxacillin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, clindamycin, erytromycin, linezolid, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, doxycycline and vancomycin was performed on the mecA+ isolates. From the 161 samples, four methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS) were isolated from human beings (31%), whereas none was isolated from animals (0%). No methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were isolated. All of the MRCoNS isolates from this work presented different antimicrobial resistance patterns. MRCoNS may be present in humans associated with animals while not present in the animals. Selective pressure outside of the farm and a lack of MRCoNS transmission between humans and animals may be responsible for this lack of correlation.     

蛋重和蛋形指数对黑凤鸡种蛋孵化率的影响

测量了黑凤鸡种蛋的蛋重和蛋形指数，研究蛋重和蛋形指数对黑凤鸡种蛋孵化率的影响。结果表明：黑凤鸡种蛋蛋重在36．8。46．9g，蛋形指数在0．675--0．789孵化率较高。     

Regional and circadian variations of sweating rate and body surface temperature in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

It was the aim of this study to investigate the regional variations in surface temperature and sweating rate and to visualize body thermal windows responsible for the dissipation of excess body heat in dromedary camels. This study was conducted on five dromedary camels with mean body weight of 450 ± 20.5 kg and 2 years of age. Sweating rate, skin and body surface temperature showed significant (P < 0.001) circadian variation together with the variation in ambient temperature. However, daily mean values of sweating rate, skin and body surface temperature measured on seven regions of the camel body did not significantly differ. The variation in body surface temperature compared to the variation in skin temperature was higher in the hump compared to the axillary and flank regions, indicating the significance of camel's fur in protecting the skin from daily variation in ambient temperature. Infrared thermography revealed that flank and axillary regions had lower thermal gradients at higher ambient temperature (T_a) and higher thermal gradients at lower T_a, which might indicate the working of flank and axillary regions as thermal windows dissipating heat during the night. Sweating rate showed moderate correlation to skin and body surface temperatures, which might indicate their working as potential thermal drivers of sweating in camels.     

Milk progesterone enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a tool to investigate ovarian cyclicity of water buffaloes in relation to body condition score and milk production

Background

Application of assisted reproductive technologies in buffaloes is limited to some extent by farmers’ inability to detect oestrus because of its poor expression. The present study aimed at investigating reliability of a milk progesterone enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the ovarian cyclicity during post partum, oestrus and post-breeding periods in water buffaloes.

Methods

Progesterone concentrations were measured by an ELISA in milk of 23 postpartum buffaloes in relation to oestrus, pregnancy, body condition score (BCS) and milk production. Two milk samples were taken at 10 days intervals, every month starting from day 30 and continued to day 150 post partum. BCS and milk production were recorded during sample collection. Milk samples from bred buffaloes were collected at Day 0 (day of breeding), Days 10–12 and Days 22–24. Defatted milk was preserved at −80°C until analysis. Pregnancy was confirmed by palpation per rectum on Days 70–90.

Results

Seventeen buffaloes had 47 ovulatory cycles, one to four in each, 13 were detected in oestrus once (28 % oestrus detection rate). Progesterone concentration ≥1 ng/ml in one of the two 10-day-interval milk samples reflected ovulation and corpus luteum formation. The intervals between calving to first luteal activity and to first detected oestrus varied from 41 to 123 days (n = 17) and 83 to 135 (n = 13) days, respectively. Eight buffaloes were bred in the course of the study and seven were found pregnant. These buffaloes had a progesterone profile of low (<1 ng/ml), high (≥ 1 ng/ml) and high (≥ 1 ng/ml) on Day 0, Days 10–12 and Days 22–24, respectively. Buffaloes cycling later in the postpartum period had fewer missed oestruses (P < 0.05). Buffaloes with a superior BCS had a shorter calving to oestrus interval and produced more milk (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Milk progesterone ELISA is a reliable tool for monitoring ovarian cyclicity and good BCS may be an indicator of resuming cyclicity in water buffalo.     

A Comparative Study of Non-contact Infrared and Digital Rectal Thermometer Measurements of Body Temperature in the Horse

Equine body temperature taken with a non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT) does not correlate well with the equine body temperature taken with a digital rectal thermometer (DRT), when it comes to absolute temperatures. There is significant variation in body temperature readings depending on the site at which the temperature was taken. NCIT may still may have, in that it does seem to be able to reliably detect when temperatures are more than that which is clinically normal, and does not seem to give falselyelevated readings in clinically normal horses. In horses that resent having their temperatures taken rectally, the NCIT seems to offer the equine clinician a quick and easy way to at least determine whether the horse's temperature is at or more than normal, even if it does not agree with DRT results.     

亮氨酸调节动物骨骼肌蛋白质分解的研究进展

随着对亮氨酸调节试验动物(如鼠)生理功能研究的深入,学者们发现,亮氨酸对于骨骼肌蛋白质沉积的影响不仅是其可以提高骨骼肌蛋白质的合成,还由于其可以减少骨骼肌蛋白质的分解,而这一过程中,亮氨酸对于骨骼肌细胞内蛋白质降解的多条途径都存在抑制作用。本文综述了亮氨酸对动物(如鼠)骨骼肌及其细胞内蛋白质分解的调节作用,并分析讨论了这一过程当中亮氨酸的相关作用机制。     

黄河源区黑土滩垂穗披碱草人工草地土壤水分动态研究

对黄河源区不同龄垂穗披碱草人工草地及黑土滩退化草地土壤水分动态进行了研究。结果表明：各样地0～20cm土层土壤含水量具有明显的季节变化规律,变化趋势总体上为先增高,后降低。人工草地7月下旬土壤含水量达到最高,黑土滩退化草地8月下旬土壤含水量达到最高。各个时期0～20cm土层土壤含水量总体上为黑土滩退化草地〉2龄人工草地〉6龄人工草地。各时期0～20cm土层土壤水分垂直变化为人工草地随土层深度的增加而减小,黑土滩退化草地总体上随土层深度的增加而增大。