外源GA3和ABA处理对红肉脐橙果实品质的影响

以生长性状一致的成年红肉脐橙为试材,研究了果实转色前外源GA3和ABA处理对其品质的影响,结果表明:GA3处理提高了果皮的亮度,但降低了果皮红色度和单果重;外源ABA提高了果皮的红色度和黄色度,但降低了果皮的亮度和单果重;外源GA3与ABA处理均不利于果实内在品质的提高,从而在果实转色前用外源ABA和GA3处理红肉脐橙果实不利于其综合品质的提高。     

Effects of Algal Fibre and Perlite on Physical Properties of Various Soils and on Potato Nutrition and Quality on a Gravelly Loam Soil in Southern Norway

Large quantities of seaweed are harvested world-wide for industrial processing, but significant amounts of by-product remain unused and may cause environmental pollution if returned to the sea. Its potential for use in agriculture is therefore of interest. Algal fibre waste from a large alginate extraction plant in Norway was studied with respect to its potential both for soil physical amelioration and as a nutrient source for potatoes. The material contained perlite, itself a wellknown growth substrate, as this was used to filter the fibre in the factory. The effects on soil moisture retention and aeration properties of incorporating up to 80% fibre waste or pure perlite were studied on five widely contrasting soil types. The algal fibre waste had similar effects to pure perlite on soil aeration and on the proportion of water held at low soil moisture tension. It had, however, a far greater effect on moisture retention at higher tension levels. Plant-available water increased by 3.6 vol.% when 10% by volume of fibre was incorporated, as against 1.2 vol.% with the same volume of pure perlite. The effects were similar in all soils. The effect on potato growth and quality of spreading 20 or 40 Mg ha -1 of algal fibre was studied by comparison with the use of various amounts of compound nitrogen- phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizer. The algal fibre contained large amounts of plant nutrients. In the absence of fertilizer, potato yield increased by 30% and 70% with the use of 20 and 40 Mg ha -1 , respectively. These increases declined to 7% and 17% at the highest rate of fertilizer application (120 kg N, 55 kg P and 187 kg K ha -1 ). The effect of 10 Mg ha -1 algal fibre was equivalent to that of 20-25 kg N in compound fertilizer. Algal fibre had little effect on soil contents of available P, K, calcium and magnesium, but the level of sodium rose sharply. Electrical conductivity did not, however, rise excessively. A considerable amount of mineral N remained in the soil after harvest, but most was lost to leaching before the following year's ryegrass crop could make use of it.     

氮肥种类和用量对油麦菜生物和品质的效应

通过盆栽试验研究了不同氮肥品种及用量对油麦菜生物效应、品质效应的影响。结果表明,施用N2水平尿素提高油麦菜生物量效果最好,在低、中氮水平（N 0.08~0.16g/kg）下,4种氮肥对油麦菜生物量的影响存在差异,油麦菜维生素C、可溶性糖、纤维素和硝酸盐含量均随氮肥用量加大而增加,亚硝酸盐含量在氮肥的用量和品种都存在显著差异,但没有规律性。不同种类氮肥对油麦菜各品质的影响差异因用量而不同     

滇池西岸森林公园4种针叶林土壤酶活性与养分关系研究

采用实地调查与室内试验分析相结合的方法,对位于高原湿地滇池西岸的森林公园现存4种针叶林下土壤肥力特征及酶活性进行研究。结果表明：4种针叶林中,华山松＋油杉混交林土壤具有较适宜的容重及孔隙状况,其土壤表层有机质、速效氮以及速效钾都大于其他纯林;华山松＋油杉混交林表层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均大于其他纯林,而油杉林蛋白酶活性和柏树林过氧化氢酶活性均达到最大;相关性分析表明,4种酶与土壤容重均呈负相关关系,与总孔隙度呈正相关关系,蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶与有机质、速效钾和速效氮存在0.01水平显著正相关关系,蛋白酶与速效氮有较显著正相关关系,而与有机质、速效钾相关性不明显;蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶、脲酶存在极显著或显著正相关关系,说明各种酶在促进土壤有机质的转化及参与土壤物质转化和能量交换中,不仅显示其专有特性,而且存在着共性关系;4种针叶林中,华山松＋油杉混交林具有明显优势,可以明显地改善林地内土壤肥力状况和酶活性,改善林地生态环境。     

Effects of repeated urea doses on soil chemistry and nutrient pools in a Norway spruce stand

Pools of macro-nutrients in soil and vegetation were studied in an old fertilization experiment with a large previous input of N. Different doses of N, in the form of urea, had been added four times during a 20-year period. In total, between 480 and 2400 kg N ha⁻¹ had been given. The experiment was established in a relatively productive Norway spruce stand and the expectation was that the large N input would cause an accelerated leaching of N, especially nitrate, accompanied by soil acidification and losses of several nutrients. The aim was to test for possible residual effects. Thirteen years after the last N addition, samples from the aboveground part of trees, field layer, S-layer, humus layer and mineral soil (0–10 cm) were analyzed for concentrations of most major nutrients. Nutrient pools were calculated. In the humus layer, the concentration of N increased and the C/N-ratio decreased with increasing N dose. The calculated recovery of added N in soil including ground vegetation was complete for the lowest N dose, while it was 25–50% for higher doses. The amount of N retained was unaffected by the N dose. The amount of extractable P in the upper part of the mineral soil was negatively correlated with N dose, as was also the concentration of total P in the S-layer. Neither soil pH, nor concentrations or amounts of Ca, Mg and K were affected by the previous fertilization. The calculated total soil-plant pool was only influenced by N dose in the case of P, which was 20% lower at the highest N dose compared with unfertilized conditions. Despite the large extra N input, the nutritional changes in plants and soil of the actual study site seemed surprisingly small.     

Soil organic matter and related physical properties in a Mediterranean wheat-based rotation trial

Under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions, limited moisture is the main constraint to rainfed cropping with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and food and forage legumes. With increasing land-use pressure, moisture-conserving fallowing is being replaced by continuous cropping, which is considered an unsustainable practice. Thus, a long-term trial with durum wheat (T. turgidum var. durum) was established in 1983 at Tel Hadya, Aleppo, Syria (mean annual rainfall 330 mm) to assess alternative rotation options to fallow and continuous cropping. Nitrogen (N) and grazing/residue management were secondary factors. Soil aggregation, infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, and total soil organic matter and component fractions (fulvic and humic acids and polysaccharides) were determined at the end of 12 years. Some rotations, e.g., medic (Medicago sativa) and vetch (Vicia faba), significantly increased soil organic matter (12.5–13.8 g kg⁻¹ versus 10.9–11 g kg⁻¹ for continuous wheat and wheat/fallow). All measurements, or indices, indicated parallel trends with increasing organic matter, e.g., coefficients of macro-structure, micro-aggregation, and water-stable aggregates, and decreasing dispersion. Similarly, legume rotations had higher infiltration rates (16.2–21.8 cm h⁻¹ versus 13.9–14.4 cm h⁻¹ with continuous wheat and wheat/fallow) and hydraulic conductivity rates (8.7–12.4 cm h⁻¹ versus 6.2–7.4 cm h⁻¹ with continuous wheat and wheat/fallow). We conclude that cereal/legume rotations, in addition to being biologically and economically attractive, also enhance soil quality and thus promote soil use sustainability in fragile semi-arid areas as in the Mediterranean zone.     

不同有机肥料对有机稻米品质的影响

[目的]研究4种常用有机肥在相同氮素条件下对有机稻米品质的影响,为有机稻生产用肥提供理论依据.[方法]有机稻栽培模式下,设置不同有机肥种类的处理,通过对稻米的加工、食味、蒸煮、营养以及安全品质的测定分析,探讨不同的施肥种类对有机稻米品质的影响.[结果]稻米的加工、食味、蒸煮品质主要取决于稻米种植品种,单一农家肥料能改善稻米的食味、蒸煮特性和营养水平,但存在安全风险,商品有机肥具备单一农家肥的优点,且能有效控制安全品质.[结论]商品有机肥适用于有机稻的生产;单一农家肥应控制重金属的含量,选择符合有机生产要求的原料.     

不同粒径黄绵土的溅蚀规律及表土结皮发育研究

溅蚀是土壤侵蚀过程的开始,为侵蚀发展提供了物质来源。因此,对其进行研究有助于对侵蚀过程的深入了解。本文选择了广泛分布于黄土高原地区的黄绵土,通过对不同粒径的土样进行模拟降雨试验,分析了土壤颗粒的溅蚀规律和表土结皮的形成过程,以及溅蚀率变化趋势。结果表明,不同粒径土样的溅蚀量差异明显,粒径在0.15mm附近的土壤颗粒最易被溅蚀;在一定的降雨历时内不同粒径土样的表土结皮发育完善程度不同,据此可以很好地解释溅蚀率的变化。     

土壤水分能量与土壤生化活性

用人工模拟土柱研究了(土娄)土与河淤土的水势对土壤生化强度的影响。结果表明,在相同含水量下,由于两土壤的水分实际有效性不同,显示出两土壤生化强度的差异。从而认为在相同水势下比较土壤间的生化活性,才能真实地反映土壤水分对土壤生化活性的影响。温度引起的土壤生化强度的变化,在采用水势概念时,还包含着温度对土壤水分有效性的影响。     

Stability of desiccated rhizosphere soil aggregates of mycorrhizal Juniperus oxycedrus grown in a desertified soil amended with a composted organic residue

Adequate soil structural stability favours the establishment and viability of a stable plant cover, protecting the soil against water erosion in desertified Mediterranean environments. We studied the effect of soil drying-rewetting, inoculation with a mixture of three exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss. & Menge) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe) and addition of a composted organic residue on aggregate stabilisation of the rhizosphere soil of Juniperus oxycedrus. The AM fungi and composted residue produced similar increases in plant growth, independently of the water conditions. Under well-watered conditions, the highest percentages of stable aggregates were recorded in the amended soil, followed by the soil inoculated with AM fungi. Excepting microbial biomass C, the soil drying increased labile C fractions (water soluble C, water soluble and total carbohydrates), whereas the rewetting decreased significantly such C fractions. Desiccation caused a significant increase in aggregate stability of the rhizosphere soil of all plants, particularly in the amended and inoculated plants. In all treatments, the aggregates formed after soil drying were unstable, since, in the rewetting, they disappear, reaching the initial levels before soil drying. Our results suggest that the aggregation mechanisms developed by rhizosphere microbial community of the amended and inoculated plants under water stress can be particularly relevant in desertified soils exposed to long desiccation periods.