杨梅的需钾特性及施钾对杨梅的增产效应

钾对杨梅产量和品质的影响仅次于微量元素硼。杨梅对N：P2O5：K2O的需要比例分别为1：0．5：2．69。浙江省杨梅主产区土壤（0-20cm）的全钾和速效钾含量分别为1．81-2．41g／kg和83-121mg/kg。施钾能显著提高杨梅产量和改善果实品质。株产50kg果实的杨梅树以施用1．0～1．5kg氯化钾并配施50g硼砂的效果较好，杨梅进行叶面施钾时以喷施0．5％KCl或0．5％磷酸二氢钾的效果较佳。     

土壤速效钾养分含量空间插值方法比较研究

土壤养分连续空间分布数据是土壤信息系统工作的基础，土壤养分空间插值的研究因此变得尤为重要。对陕西省周至县北部猕猴桃适生区土壤进行采样，以对猕猴桃生长作用较为密切的土壤速效钾含量为研究对象，用普通克里格（OK）、样条函数（Spline）、趋势面拟合（TSA）、距离权重反比法（IDW）等常用插值方法对采样点进行插值获取土壤速效钾空间分布图，进行交叉验证，结果表明能够反映出结构性影响的克里格插值方法明显优于其它方法，其中又以球形模型为最佳，样条函数、距离权重反比法在采样点密集区也能内插出较好的效果，但其受采样点密度影响较大．在采样点稀疏的地区内插结果较差。     

椰糠基质有效氮近红外检测仪设计与试验

为了实现椰糠基质有效氮含量的快速实时检测,基于漫反射光谱设计了椰糠基质有效氮近红外检测仪。该检测仪的硬件系统主要由前处理装置、气力输送装置、重力式沉降样品室、近红外光谱检测装置、样品回收装置和空气压缩机等组成。制备了不同有效氮含量的椰糠基质样本135个,采用研制的检测仪获取了样本原始光谱数据,并建立了椰糠基质有效氮含量的最优偏最小二乘回归预测模型,其校正集相关系数和验证集相关系数分别为0.973和0.965,校正集均方根误差和验证集均方根误差分别为14.025 mg/(100 g)和15.757 mg/(100 g),残差预测偏差为3.72。基于MFC开发工具,采用C/C++语言开发了检测仪硬件控制及实时检测分析软件界面,将建立的最优有效氮光谱预测模型移植到软件程序中,实现了椰糠基质有效氮近红外检测仪功能硬件控制及有效氮检测的一键式操作。试验验证结果表明,所研制仪器预测值与国标测量值相关系数为0.883,测试集均方根误差为18.605 mg/(100 g)。该检测仪实现了椰糠基质有效氮含量的快速实时检测,并且预测性能较好,可以满足快速评价椰糠基质养分的实际需求。     

滴灌施肥下水肥用量对温室土壤硝态氮残留的影响

【目的】通过水肥管理达到减少温室土壤硝态氮残留、维持土壤质量的目的,探求温室土壤硝态氮残留与水肥用量的关系。【方法】在滴灌施肥条件下,以灌水量和氮、磷、钾及有机肥用量为试验因素,根据当地日光温室番茄长季节栽培实际中的水肥用量,设计各试验因子的水肥水平,采用五元二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验。拉秧后测定耕层土壤硝态氮量,建立土壤硝态氮量与水肥因子间的数学模型,据此分析了各单因子效应及二因素的耦合效应。【结果】施氮量对土壤硝态氮残留量影响最大,施磷量、灌水量和施钾量次之,有机肥用量最小。当其他因子为0水平时,土壤硝态氮残留量随氮肥用量的增多而增加,随施磷量呈开口向上的抛物线变化,随灌水量、施钾量以及有机肥用量呈开口向下的抛物线变化。灌水量及氮、磷、钾和有机肥用量对土壤硝态氮残留产生的影响程度随其他因子的水平而变,存在明显交互作用。模型寻优显示:灌水量455.1～471.5 mm,施氮量532.3～586.5 kg/hm2,施磷量420.8～466.4 kg/hm2,施钾量646.1～723.5 kg/hm2,有机肥用量25.6～27.9 t/hm2,耕层土壤硝态氮量可维持在100～150 mg/kg的较低水平。【结论】温室菜地土壤硝态氮残留量相对较大,可以通过优化水肥用量来减少土壤硝态氮的残留,故在滴灌施肥条件下仍需严格控制水肥用量。     

基于高光谱和深度迁移学习的柑橘叶片钾含量反演

针对传统柑橘叶片钾含量检测方法耗时费力、操作繁琐且损伤叶片等弊端,引入高光谱信息探索柑橘叶片钾含量快速无损检测与预测模型,选用ASD Field Spec 3光谱仪采集柑橘4个重要物候期(萌芽期、稳果期、壮果促梢期和采果期)的叶片反射光谱,同步采用火焰光度法测定叶片的钾含量;先用正交试验确定小波去噪的最佳去噪参数组合,再进行不同光谱形式变换,对不同物候期光谱进行基于堆栈稀疏编码机-深度学习网络(Stacked sparse autoencoder-deep learning networks,SSAE-DLNs)的特征提取迁移和融合多种特征,对比支持向量机回归、偏最小二乘法回归、广义神经网络、逐步多元线性回归等多种诊断模型,结果表明,模型SSAE-DLNs基于一阶微分光谱特征建立全生长期钾含量预测模型的性能最优,其校正集和验证集决定系数分别为0. 898 8、0. 877 1,均方根误差分别为0. 544 3、0. 552 8。试验表明,深度迁移学习网络可对柑橘叶片钾含量进行精确预测,为高光谱检测技术用于柑橘树长势监测和营养诊断提供了参考。     

不同煤基腐殖酸对土壤锌淋洗效果的研究

为了研究不同煤基腐殖酸对土壤锌的淋洗效果,从而进一步探讨其调控土壤锌移动性的效果,采用土柱淋洗方法,研究了11种煤基腐殖酸及EDTA在2种淋洗方式（去离子水淋洗和5% KCl溶液淋洗）下对土壤Zn的淋洗效果的影响。结果表明：11种煤基腐殖酸处理下,去离子水淋洗液中Zn含量与CK2相比,1~10号煤基腐殖酸对土壤Zn都有一定的钝化作用,降低了Zn在土壤中的迁移性,而11号煤基腐殖酸增强了Zn在土壤中的迁移性,但11种煤基腐殖酸处理下的淋洗效果均低于EDTA处理下的淋洗效果。同时,5% KCl溶液对Zn的淋洗效果好于去离子水。     

湘南丘陵区红壤旱地红薯钾肥最佳用量与产量关系

为了寻求红薯的最佳钾肥施用量,提高钾肥利用率,笔者在湘南红壤丘陵区,设置钾肥5水平肥料效应田间试验,并采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的研究方法,分别测产,测定红薯养分含量以及土壤速效养分。试验结果表明:在钾肥施用量为225kg/hm2时,红薯的经济效益最高,每公顷的纯收入为9624.5元,增收率为47.7%,红薯的经济产量也较高,为19501.5kg/hm2,每公顷增产52.9%。同时,在该施肥水平下,整株红薯的氮、磷、钾养分吸收总量和钾肥利用率均最高,钾肥利用率达到15.6%。相反,在钾肥施用量为225kg/hm2时,0~20cm耕层土壤的速效养分含量和其他钾肥用量的处理相比较,均降低。综合考虑,在五个施钾水平中,笔者得出湘南丘陵区红薯钾肥的最佳施用量为225kg/hm2。     

电解与紫外协同去除工厂化养殖循环水中氨氮效果研究

为探究电化学氧化法在工厂化循环水养殖系统中处理水质的效果及影响因素,在前期试验得到最佳条件(温度25℃、电流密度40 A/m2、水流速度300 m L/min)下,以不同初始氨氮质量浓度和固体悬浮颗粒物的模拟养殖水以及实际养殖水为研究对象,探讨了加入低压紫外汞灯后电解与紫外协同去除氨氮的效果。结果表明:电解紫外协同处理氨氮效果明显优于单独电解法,运用本系统处理氨氮初始质量浓度分别为4、7、10 mg/L的模拟养殖水时,氨氮去除效率相对于单独电解时分别提高45.0%(p0.05)、36.0%(p0.05)和20.0%(p0.05);电解紫外协同去除氨氮效率受氨氮初始质量浓度、水体中的固体颗粒悬浮物、实际养殖水等因素影响,随着氨氮初始质量浓度及水体中固体悬浮颗粒物的升高,氨氮的去除效率降低,达到同种去除效率所需的时间延长,当处理固体悬浮颗粒(SS)分别为100、150、200 mg/L的模拟养殖水时,氨氮的去除效率随着SS的升高而降低,相对于仅含氨氮的模拟养殖水,氨氮的去除效率分别降低51.7%(p0.05)、65.5%(p0.05)和72.4%(p0.05);在处理实际养殖水时,氨氮的去除速率明显降低,去除完全所需的时间延长,在本系统中电解紫外对氨氮、亚硝氮、固体悬浮颗粒物的去除具有较好效果,去除率分别为97.8%、96.9%和92.1%。     

Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes

Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. Within the EU-project SAFIR new water-saving irrigation strategies were developed based on pot, semi-field and field experiments with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and processing tomatoes as model plants. From the pot and semi-field experiments an ABA production model was developed for potatoes to optimize the ABA signalling; this was obtained by modelling the optimal level of soil drying for ABA production before re-irrigation in a crop growth model. The field irrigation guidelines were developed under temperate (Denmark), Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and continental (Serbia, China) climatic conditions during summer. The field investigations on processing tomatoes were undertaken only in the Po valley (North Italy) on fine, textured soil. The investigations from several studies showed that gradual soil drying imposed by deficit irrigation (DI) or partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD) induced hydraulic and chemical signals from the root system resulting in partial stomatal closure, an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency, and a slight reduction in top vegetative growth. Further PRD increased N-mineralization significantly beyond that from DI, causing a stay-green effect late in the growing season. In field potato and tomato experiments the water-saving irrigation strategies DI and PRD were able to save about 20-30% of the water used in fully irrigated plants. PRD increased marketable yield in potatoes significantly by 15% due to improved tuber size distribution. PRD increased antioxidant content significantly by approximately 10% in both potatoes and fresh tomatoes. Under a high temperature regime, full irrigation (FI) should be undertaken, as was clear from field observations in tomatoes. For tomatoes full irrigation should be undertaken for cooling effects when the night/day average temperature >26.5 °C or when air temperature >40 °C to avoid flower-dropping. The temperature threshold for potatoes is not clear. From three-year field drip irrigation experiments we found that under the establishment phase, both potatoes and tomatoes should be fully irrigated; however, during the later phases deficit irrigation might be applied as outlined below without causing significant yield reduction:

•

Potatoes

°

After the end of tuber initiation, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Fresh tomatoes

°

From the moment the 1st truce is developed, DI is applied at 85-80% of FI for two weeks. In the middle period, DI or PRD is applied at 70% of FI. During the last 14 days of the growth period, DI or PRD is applied at 50% of FI.

•

Processing tomatoes

°

From transplanting to fruit setting at 4th-5th cluster, the PRD and DI threshold for re-irrigation is when the plant-available soil water content (ASWC) equals 0.7 (soil water potential, Ψ_soil = −90 kPa). During the late fruit development/ripening stage, 10% of red fruits, the threshold for re-irrigation for DI is when ASWC = 0.5 (Ψ_soil = −185 kPa) and for PRD when ASWC (dry side) = 0.4 (Ψ_{soil, dry side} = −270 kPa).

The findings during the SAFIR project might be used as a framework for implementing water-saving deficit irrigation under different local soil and climatic conditions.     

Exchangeable potassium and potassium balances in organic crop rotations on a coarse sand

Abstract. Crops on sandy soils (<5% clay) are exposed to K deficiency due to the small release and high leaching losses of K. Reliable tools are needed to improve the K management in cropping systems with limited K input, such as organic farming where import of nutrients are restricted according to the EC regulations. We investigated K balances and exchangeable K (K_exch) changes in an organic crop rotation experiment. Potassium leaching decreased from 42 kg ha⁻¹ in 1998/99 to 21 kg ha⁻¹ in 2000/01 as an average of a crop rotation (spring barley, grass-clover, winter wheat and pea/barley) with manure application and without catch crops. In the same period, spring K_exch decreased from 5.0 to 3.0 mg K 100 g soil⁻¹ (0–20 cm). The retention of the straw K left in the field after harvest increased with decreasing levels of K_exch. The cereal crops did not respond to K application but in the pea/barley mixture the pea yield increased by 46%. The concordance between measured K balances and changes in K_exch was weak. Exchangeable K is suitable as a tool for K management on a rotational basis, and a K_exch above 3 mg 100 g soil⁻¹ in the autumn should be avoided to minimize K leaching.