坡长对径流及侵蚀的影响

张家口市水保试验站坡长小区五年观测资料表明,降雨强度影响径流量、侵蚀量随坡长的变化。降雨强度较小时,径流量不能用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量随坡长增加较慢。降雨强度较大时,径流量可用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量方程中坡长指数较大。     

Changing rainfall patterns and farmers’ adaptation through soil water management practices in semi-arid eastern Kenya

There is limited documentation of soil and water management technologies that enhance adaptation to climate change in drylands of Kenya. Rainfall patterns were analyzed in the semi-arid Machakos and Makueni counties of eastern Kenya using historical data. A total of forty-three smallholder farmers implementing soil water management practices were sampled, and an estimate of the seasonal water budget for current crop and livestock production systems computed. Analysis of rainfall amounts and distribution shows increasing variability, with the average annual total amounts decreasing over the past 50 years. Furthermore, the number of rainy days within the March-April-May season that can support crop growth is gradually decreasing. These decreases are however not significant at P < 0.05. There were more seasons with low rainfall amounts compared to those with high rainfall amounts. All these subject the smallholder crop and livestock production system to limited soil moisture. Farmers address the risk by harnessing and utilizing green (rainfall stored in soil) and blue (rainfall collected into storage tanks) water technologies. The study found that farmers in these semi-arid counties practice fifteen diverse soil and water management interventions on their farms. The most popular practices are cut-off drains, retention ditches, terracing, run-off harvesting, and agroforestry. The estimated seasonal water budget indicates the need for integrated soil and water management interventions to address the crop and livestock production constraints.     

Effect of air temperature, rain and drought on hot water weed control

The influence of rain and drought before, and air temperature during, weed control with hot water was studied in laboratory experiments on the test weed Sinapis alba (white mustard). The plants were grown in a greenhouse and treated outdoors. There was no difference in weed control effect when S. alba plants at the four‐leaf stage were treated at the air temperatures 7°C and 18^°C. The effective energy dose for a 90% fresh weight reduction was 465 kJ m^?2 for both air temperatures. Weed control of S. alba at the four‐ to six‐leaf stage in rainfall above the rainwater run‐off level increased the required effective energy dose by 20% (i.e. 120 kJ m^?2) compared with dry plants. A short period of drought just before treatment on S. alba at the two‐ to four‐leaf stage increased the plant fresh weight reduction, which was 22% at low energy dose (190 kJ m^?2) and 44% at high energy dose (360 kJ m^?2). Hot water weed control should thus be carried out when the plants are drought stressed and avoided when the plants are wet. The air temperature seems to be of little importance in the range 7–18^°C.     

Responses in gross primary production of Stipa krylovii and Allium polyrhizum to a temporal rainfall in a temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia,China

In the arid and semi-arid areas of China, rainfall and drought affect the growth and photosynthetic activities of plants. Gross primary productivity (GPP) is one of the most important indices that measure the photosynthetic ability of plants. This paper focused on the GPP of two representative grassland species (Stipa krylovii Roshev. and Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel) to demonstrate the effect of a temporal rainfall on the two species. Our research was conducted in a temperate grassland in New Barag Right Banner, Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, in a dry year 2015. We measured net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and ecosystem respiration flux (ER) using a transparent chamber system and monitored the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air and soil temperature and humidity simultaneously. Based on the measured values of NEP and ER, we calculated the GPP of the two species before and after the rainfall. The saturated GPP per aboveground biomass (GPP_AGB) of A. polyrhizum remarkably increased from 0.033 (±0.018) to 0.185 (±0.055) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s) by 5.6-fold and that of S. krylovii decreased from 0.068 (±0.021) to 0.034 (±0.011) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s) by 0.5-fold on the 1^st and 2^nd d after a 9.1 mm rainfall event compared to the values before the rainfall at low temperatures below 35°C. However, on the 1^st and 2^nd d after the rainfall, both of the saturated GPP_AGB values of S. krylovii and A. polyrhizum were significantly lower at high temperatures above 35°C (0.018 (±0.007) and 0.110 (±0.061) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s), respectively) than at low temperatures below 35°C (0.034 (±0.011) and 0.185 (±0.055) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s), respectively). The results showed that the GPP responses to the temporal rainfall differed between S. krylovii and A. polyrhizum and strongly negative influenced by temperature. The temporal rainfall seems to be more effective on the GPP of A. polyrhizum than S. krylovii. These differences might be related to the different physiological and structural features, the coexistence of the species and their species-specific survival strategies.     

鄱阳湖流域3种典型母质发育红壤溅蚀特征

为了研究鄱阳湖流域3种典型母质对土壤溅蚀的影响,设计一种可收集过程样的溅蚀盘,通过室内模拟降雨试验,分析不同降雨强度(30,60,90,120,150 mm/h)和母质(第四纪沉积物母质、花岗岩母质、红砂岩母质)条件下红壤溅蚀特征。结果表明:第四纪沉积物母质红壤总溅蚀量最低,其次是花岗岩母质红壤,红砂岩母质红壤总溅蚀量最高,土壤质地、有机质、游离氧化铁等指标对总溅蚀量影响较大;随着雨强的增大,总溅蚀量呈对数函数关系增加;总溅蚀量80%以上分布在0—15 cm范围内,随着雨强增大,溅蚀颗粒分布越集中。     

Soil carbon change across ten New South Wales farms under different farm management regimes in Australia

This paper examines the potential influence of soil management and land use on soil carbon on cropping farms in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Soil organic carbon (SOC) data from ten farms spatially distributed across NSW were examined on two occasions. Soil cores to a depth 0–30 cm were measured for SOC and, as expected, SOC in the A horizon (1.16%) was significantly (p < .001) greater than in the B horizon (0.74%) of all profiles. Analysis of the 2013 and 2015 SOC data indicated that in many ways, the results runs counter to other SOC studies in Australia. Importantly, the mean SOC concentration in these agricultural soils was significantly (p < .001) less under cropping (2013-1.05%, 2015-0.97%) than in native sites (2013-1.20%, 2015-1.16%). Out of the total of 35 sites sampled from 10 farms, SOC in 49% of sites did not change significantly over 2 years, in 17% it increased significantly, whereas in 34% it decreased. Further, a clear implication of drought on SOC was seen on sites that were uncropped based on a critical value for a 95% confidence interval (p < .05) and complemented by the significant correlation (p < .05) between average annual precipitation deficit (ANPD) and SOC across the state with R² = 0.39. The mean SOC was found to be directly proportional to standard deviation and standard error. In terms of spatial variability, the C0 (nugget) value was greatest for farms with a large mean SOC and the average variogram in this study has a range of approximately 200 m which is potentially useful in determining sampling spacing for soil carbon auditing purpose. Similar empirical data over more years are required to better estimate SOC levels and to determine whether at a farm scale, factors such as land management, land use and climate can be related to soil carbon change and variability.     

称重式降水传感器与翻斗雨量传感器测雨性能对比分析

为了观测降水数据的准确性,选取了南通市4个台站2018年4月—10月份的DCS1型称重式降水传感器和SL3-1型翻斗雨量传感器观测的降水数据,分析两者观测的日降水量和降水总量等方面的差异。结果显示：在选取的观测样本中,以人工观测的降雨日数为参考,称重传感器的平均一致率为91.2%;以翻斗传感器观测的降雨日为参考,称重传感器的一致率为94.5%。称重传感器观测的累积降水量与翻斗传感器观测的累积降水量相对平均误差为-1.55%,符合中国气象局规定的相对误差不超过±4%的规范要求。在分析日降水量方面,发现称重传感器比翻斗传感器观测量平均偏小0.29 mm;有明显性降水时,两者在日降水量等级判别上基本一致。称重传感器观测的数据小于翻斗传感器观测的数据概率要高,两种传感器观测的差值分布较为一致。称重传感器在捕捉微量降水的能力不比翻斗传感器差,甚至更好。称重传感器观测的日降水量与翻斗传感器观测的日降水量相关系数为0.99826,达到0.01显著相关的水平。     

工程堆积体入渗特性及持水能力对降雨条件的响应

为探讨降雨对工程堆积体入渗特性及持水能力的影响,采用室内土壤基本物理性质分析及野外双环入渗方法,对不同降雨条件下工程堆积体入渗特性及持水能力的变化及影响因素进行研究。结果表明:工程堆积体土壤基本物理性质在不同降雨条件和坡位有较大差异,不同降雨条件下工程堆积体坡下的土壤容重大小表现为干旱(Ⅰ)小雨(Ⅱ)中雨(Ⅲ)大雨(Ⅳ);不同坡位工程堆积体的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度大小表现为坡下坡中坡上。不同降雨条件下,初始入渗速率大小表现为干旱(Ⅰ)小雨(Ⅱ)大雨(Ⅳ)中雨(Ⅲ),其大小依次为8.91,5.52,3.96,3.25mm/min;稳定入渗率大小表现为干旱(Ⅰ)中雨(Ⅲ)小雨(Ⅱ)大雨(Ⅳ),其大小依次为4.40,1.45,1.32,0.53mm/min。不同降雨条件下工程堆积体坡下的最大有效库容大小表现为大雨(Ⅳ)小雨(Ⅱ)干旱(Ⅰ)中雨(Ⅲ),其大小依次为469.03,402.48,378.11,321.88t/hm2,中雨(Ⅲ)条件下工程堆积体在各坡位的田间持水量最大。工程堆积体的持水能力与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、入渗性能呈显著正相关关系,而与容重呈显著负相关关系。研究结果可为工程堆积体边坡水土流失防治提供重要科学依据。     

六盘山华北落叶松人工林土壤水分空间异质性的降雨前后变化及其影响因素

为了阐明林冠叶面积指数、枯落物厚度等植被因子及降雨量影响下的林地土壤水分空间异质性变化规律,在宁夏六盘山香水河小流域选择了2个35a华北落叶松典型坡面(东南坡A、南坡B),遵循空间格局分析的小支撑、多样点设计原则,结合所选坡面特征,利用线状样带取样法,测定了坡面上各样点的表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)土壤水分、林冠叶面积指数、枯落物层厚度、坡度及离开最近一棵树主干的距离,采用经典统计结合地统计学方法,分析了降雨前后土壤水分空间变异特征;利用Pearson相关分析法分析了降雨前后坡面土壤水分与主要环境因子的数量关系;经Kriging插值得到了实验坡面降雨前后的土壤水分空间分布图。结果表明:本研究选择的2个坡面上表层和亚表层土壤水分均存在显著的空间自相关性,呈现明显的斑块状分布格局。A、B坡面雨前表层土壤水分的块基比分别为0.20和0.16,有强烈的空间自相关性;亚表层的块基比均为0.50,具有中等的空间自相关性;表层土壤水分变程分别为27.6m和23.7m,亚表层土壤水分变程为54.9m和186.0m,空间自相关性存在于较大的范围内。降雨后A、B坡面的表层土壤水分的块基比分别为0.13和0.11,亚表层的块基比为0.28和0.20;表层土壤水分变程分别为17.7m和17.3m,亚表层土壤水分变程为31.4 m和42.6 m,空间自相关性存在的范围变小。Pearson相关分析表明,A坡面土壤水分的空间变化在雨前主要受样点离开树木的距离和坡度的影响,雨后则主要受样点上方叶面积指数和枯落物厚度的影响。由此可见,此次11mm降水使2个坡面上土壤水分的空间异质性增加、空间自相关性增强,且乔木林冠层和枯落物层对降雨的截持和再分配是雨后土壤水分空间异质性增大的主要原因。