不同施肥方法对双季稻区水稻产量及氮素流失的影响

为保障粮食安全,减少稻田生态系统氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用率和减少氮素流失成为重要的农业和环境措施。本研究在位于湖南岳阳的农业部岳阳农业环境科学观测实验站开展为期1年的早稻、晚稻田间试验,比较了不施肥(T_1)、尿素常规施肥(T_2,施N 280 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 165 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、控释肥常规施用(T_3,施N 230 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 165 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、高量控释肥侧条施用(T_4,施N 230 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 138 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、中量控释肥侧条施用(T5,施N 180 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 123 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120kg·hm~(-2))及低量控释肥侧条施用(T6,施N 140 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 123 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))下氮肥的养分利用率、作物产量及氮素流失情况,以期为稻田氮素合理利用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,控释肥侧条施用可有效提高水稻的产量和氮肥利用率,减少面源流失。1)在减少稻田秧苗数量和氮肥施用量的条件下,T_4处理的水稻早晚稻产量分别比T_2处理增加13.17%和4.72%,与T_3处理相比亦分别增加7.27%和1.74%;2)侧条施肥处理有效降低了稻田氮素流失量,年氮流失量为0.466~0.673 kg×hm~(-2),比常规施肥处理降低地表径流氮流失量3.54%~29.36%;3)侧条施肥有效提高了氮肥利用率,T_4处理的氮肥利用率分别是T_2、T_3处理的1.70倍和1.22倍。因此,采用合适的施肥方式、配施适量控释氮肥可获得较高的产值和收益。高量控释肥侧条施用(T_4)是本研究区域最佳的施肥模式,对实现现代化农业生产的高产高效、资源节约和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

施用绿肥条件下减施化肥对土壤养分及持水供水能力的影响

以长期定位试验为基础,设置7个紫云英和化肥施用配比试验处理,以探索施用绿肥情况下减施化肥对土壤养分、持水和供水能力的影响。结果表明:在翻压紫云英条件下,即使不施化肥土壤氮也可基本得到满足,应适量施用化学钾肥,必须合理施用磷肥,以保证土壤全量和速效养分得到平衡和持续供给,化肥施用量减少未显著降低水稻产量;土壤持水、供水能力在处理间的趋势表现为:紫云英+40%化肥紫云英+60%化肥紫云英+80%化肥、紫云英+100%化肥单施100%化肥、单施紫云英CK,与CK相比,其它6个处理田间持水量提高了1.6%~15.4%,有效含水量增幅更大,平均提高1.5%~30.5%,说明紫云英化肥配施能显著提高土壤的持水、供水能力,且化肥施用量越少效果越好,而单施化肥或单施紫云英效果有限。因此,紫云英施用量一定时(22 500 kg/hm~2),化肥施用量应减少至40%甚至更低。     

温度滴定法测定复合肥中钾离子浓度的研究

复合肥中钾元素的检测可有效控制复合肥产品的质量。本研究选取合适的前处理方法,并应用温度滴定法对复合肥中的钾离子进行了定量研究。该法测定复合肥中的钾离子以四苯硼钠与钾离子生成沉淀反应为基础,由于反应是放热反应,当滴定到等当点时,反应室的温度变化率最大,指示终点的到达。该方法具有操作简便、快速、灵敏度高等优点,非常适合对复合肥中钾离子含量的监控。研究结果表明,使用温度滴定法和离子色谱法及四苯硼酸钾重量法测得的复合肥中钾离子含量一致,该方法准确度高,重现性好,回收率可达97%以上。     

不同DMPP添加水平对土壤有机氮素转化的影响

研究单施有机肥模式下,3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)对土壤有机氮素转化的影响,为土壤氮素高效利用和减少损失提供科学依据。采用土壤恒温培养试验,研究单施有机肥条件下不同DMPP添加水平对土壤中有机氮素转化及硝化抑制效应的影响。结果表明,单施有机肥条件下,DMPP可明显抑制土壤硝化反应的进程。培养期间DMPP最佳硝化抑制效果出现在14d,与不添加DMPP的处理相比,添加DMPP的处理铵态氮含量增加2～3倍,硝态氮含量减少2～3倍。14d后DMPP硝化抑制效果逐渐减弱。DMPP对硝化反应的抑制效果及有效抑制时间随着DMPP用量的增加而不断增强,但是当用量增加到2%以上水平时,硝化抑制剂效果不再明显增强。综合用量水平和抑制效果,施用有机肥模式下DMPP添加量以氮素含量的1%～2%较为适宜。     

Physico‐chemical characterization of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes and their potential application to the manufacture of new types of phosphate‐based fertilizers

The aim of this review is to describe the main physicochemical characteristics of diverse types of humic‐metal‐phosphate acid complexes. The effects of these complexes on phosphorus (P) fixation in soils with different pH values and physicochemical features and on plant phosphorus uptake are also discussed. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes have apparent stability constants in the same range as those of metal‐humic complexes, in solutions with diverse pH and ionic‐strength values. Likewise, the molecular‐size distribution of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes as a function of pH is similar to that of potassium or sodium humates and metal‐humic complexes. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase plant growth and phosphate uptake. Phosphorus fertilizers containing humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes proved to be efficient to improve plant growth and P uptake with respect to conventional fertilizers such as single superphosphate. The values of parameters related to plant phosphorus‐utilization efficiency (PUt E) suggest that the regulation of root acquisition of phosphate from these complexes could involve the interregulation of a system for the optimization of metabolic P utilization in the shoot and another system involving stress responses of roots under phosphorus deficiency.     

Effect of microbial‐based inoculants on nutrient concentrations and early root morphology of corn (Zea mays)

Microbial‐based inoculants have been reported to stimulate plant growth and nutrient uptake. However, their effect may vary depending on the growth stage when evaluated or fertilizer applied. Thus, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that microbial‐based inoculants known to promote root growth and nutrient uptake will promote plant growth, enhance early root development, and increase nutrient concentrations of corn (Zea mays L.). Plants were evaluated at four different growth stages and in the presence of three different nitrogen (N) fertilizers. The microbial‐based treatments evaluated were: SoilBuilder™ (SB), a filtered metabolite extract of SoilBuilder™ (SBF), a mixture of four strains of plant growth‐promoting Bacillus spp (BM), and a water‐inoculated control. The experiment also included four fertilizer treatments: urea (U), urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN), calcium‐ammonium nitrate (CAN), and an unfertilized control. Corn plants were evaluated at growth stages V2, V4, V6, and VT. Plant growth parameters for biomass, height, and SPAD readings were enhanced by the three microbial‐based treatments. A greater effect of microbial‐based treatments was observed when plants were evaluated at V6 and VT stages. Parameters of early root development such as total root length (TRL), root surface area (RSA), and length of fine roots were enhanced when microbial‐based treatments were applied. Concentrations of N, P, and K were also increased by microbial‐based treatments compared to the non‐inoculated control. Increases in plant N concentration due to microbial‐based treatments were on average 72% for CAN, 61% for UAN, 72% for urea, and 54% for the unfertilized control. Phosphorus concentration was increased most (138%) when BM was applied with CAN. In the same way, when CAN was present, K concentration was increased by 95% with BM and 65% when SB and SBF were applied. Overall, the results demonstrate that microbial‐based inoculants evaluated in this study can positively impact corn growth and nutrient concentration, especially during the late vegetative stages. Furthermore, the results indicate that the enhancement of nutrient concentrations (N, P, and K) in this case was related to the capacity of microbial‐based treatments to impact root morphology at early stages of corn growth.     

种植翻压二月兰配施化肥对春玉米养分吸收利用的影响

研究了华北地区种植翻压冬绿肥二月兰（Orychophragmus violaceus L.）后,在当地习惯施肥基础上玉米减量施肥措施对春玉米产量及养分吸收利用的影响。试验设不施肥（F0）、 习惯施肥（F100）、 单施绿肥（F0+G）以及绿肥与不同比例的化肥配施（化肥习惯用量的70%、 85%、 100%）（F70+G、 F85+G、 F100+G）6个处理。结果表明,施用化肥和化肥绿肥配施均能显著提高春玉米产量,增加地上部总养分量和不同器官养分的累积量,改善养分在不同器官中的分配比例。与F0比较, F100、 F70+G、 F100+G 和F85+G处理的春玉米产量分别增加101.4、 108.4、 115.5和130.4 g/plant,增幅达120.9%、 129.2%、 137.6%和155.3%。翻压绿肥后,化肥减量15%的处理（F85+G）春玉米子粒产量增加29.0 g/plant、 地上部吸氮量增加0.65 g/plant,显著高于单施化肥处理F100;绿肥配施100%的化肥和化肥减量30%的处理（F100+G、 F70+G）玉米生物量、 养分吸收量与习惯施肥（F100）无明显差异。翻压绿肥配施不同比例化肥的 3个处理与F100相比玉米子粒养分累积量及分配比例没有明显差异。     

Measurement of Si adsorption and “Active Si” in a soil amended with slag fertilizers by using stable isotope 30SP

The silicic acid adsorption by a soil (Eutric Gleysols) where slag fertilizers were applied was measured by the addition of a silicic acid solution labelled with ³⁰Si after soil incubation, in order to study the effect of slag application on the specific Si adsorption by the soil and to estimate the amount of Si in the soil solid phase which can easily enter the soil solution. It was evident that the application of slags increased the ability of soil to adsorb Si. It was also shown that the ³⁰Si added was diluted with not only the Si present in the soil solution but also the Si dissolved from the soil solid phase. We proposed the use of the term “active” for Si in soil which can take part in the isotopic dilution within 1 h. The amount of active Si in the soil solid and liquid phases (D ₆₀ - value) was calculated from the ³⁰Si content in the soil solution and compared with the amount of Si taken up by rice plant (Oryza sativa L.), which was determined in our previous study. The buffering capacity of the soil for Si, which can reflect the ability of soil to maintain the Si concentration in the soil solution constant when Si is added to or removed from the soil, was also determined. The D ₆₀ - value and the Si buffering capacity of the soil increased by slag application. These increases were large when the alkalinity of the applied slags was high. The correlation study revealed that the D ₆₀ - value was a better index of Si availability of the soil than the amount of Si dissolved from the soil solid phase during the incubation when the slags were previously applied.     

The influence of phosphate fertilizer application levels and cultivars on cadmium uptake by Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis)

Cadmium (Cd) is a common impurity in phosphate fertilizers and application of phosphate fertilizer may contribute to soil Cd accumulation. Changes in Cd burdens to agricultural soils and the potential for plant Cd accumulation resulting from fertilizer input were investigated in this study. A field experiment was conducted on Haplaquept to investigate the influence of calcium superphosphate on extractable and total soil Cd and on growth and Cd uptake of different Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) cultivars. Four cultivars of Komatsuna were grown on the soil and harvested after 60 days. The superphosphate application increased total soil Cd from 2.51 to 2.75?mg?kg^?1, 0.1?mol?L^?1 hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractable Cd from 1.48 to 1.55?mg?kg^?1, 0.01?mol?L^?1 HCl extractable Cd from 0.043 to 0.046?mg?kg^?1 and water extractable Cd from 0.0057 to 0.0077?mg?kg^?1. Cd input reached 5.68?g?ha^–1 at a rate of 240?kg?ha^–1 superphosphate fertilizer application. Superphosphate affected dry-matter yield of leaves to different degrees in each cultivar. ‘Nakamachi’ produced the highest yield in 2008 and ‘Hamami No. 2’ in 2009. Compared with the control (no phosphate fertilizer), application of superphosphate at a rate of 240?kg?ha^–1 increased the Cd concentration in dry leaves by 0.14?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Maruha’, 1.03?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Nakamachi’, 0.63?mg?kg^?1 in ‘SC8-007’ in 2008, and by 0.19?mg?kg^?1 in Maruha’, 0.17?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Hamami No. 2’, while it decreased by 0.27?mg?kg^?1 in ‘Nakamachi’ in 2009. Field experiments in two years demonstrated that applications of different levels of calcium superphosphate did not influence Cd concentration in soil and Komatsuna significantly. However, there was a significant difference in Cd concentration of fresh and dry Komatsuna leaves among four cultivars in 2008 and 2009. The highest Cd concentration was found in the ‘Nakamachi’ cultivar (2.14?mg?kg^?1 in 2008 and 1.91?mg?kg^?1 in 2009). The lowest Cd concentration was observed in the ‘Maruha’ cultivar (1.51?mg?kg^?1?dry weight (DW)) in 2008 and in the ‘Hamami No. 2’ cultivar (1.56?mg?kg^?1?DW) in 2009. A decreasing trend in Cd concentration was found in ‘Nakamachi’, followed by ‘SC8-007’, ‘Hamami No. 2’ and ‘Maruha’ successively. It is necessary to consider a low-uptake cultivar for growing in a Cd polluted soil. In these two years’ results, ‘Maruha’ cultivar was the lowest Cd uptake cultivar compared to the others.     

Response of Cotton to Potassium Fertilizer on Effectiveness of Fruiting Sites in Aridisols

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of fruiting positions along sympodia under varying levels and sources of potassium (K) fertilizer on field-grown cotton in an arid environment. Treatments consisted of four rates of K (0, 62.5, 125.0, 250.0 kg K ha^{? 1}) and two types of K (K₂SO₄ and KCl). Cotton cultivar S-12 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was used as a test crop. Plant mapping data showed that the total number of fruiting positions, number of intact fruit on sympodia/monopodia, and percent of bolls per position on sympodia differed greatly under different doses of K fertilizer. The percentage of fruit retention was markedly improved under increasing doses of K fertilizer as compared with the K-unfertilized treatment. The percent survival of harvestable bolls for the first five positions along sympodia at the end of the season was 30%, 25%, 18%, 13%, and 8%, respectively. Potassium fertilization stimulated cotton crop in lengthening sympodial branches and retaining more fruit on the first three positions and also at the bottom of the plant during the early reproductive phase. The fruiting pattern was 2–3 and 6–7 d vertical and horizontal fruiting interval, respectively.