三峡水库不同水位时期大宁河底栖动物群落结构

为研究不同水位时期大宁河底栖动物群落的结构特征及其差异,于2011-2013年间分别在三峡水库低水位期(145 m)和高水位期(170 m)对大宁河的底栖动物进行定性和定量调查。低水位期生物密度和生物量分别为(80.32±32.14)ind./m2和(1.44±0.45)g/m2,高水位期生物密度和生物量分别为(133.82±46.94)ind./m2和(1.53±0.51)g/m2。寡毛类在静水区域占优势,水生昆虫在流水区域占优势。底栖动物物种组成和分布表现为高水位期高于低水位期,流水区域显著高于静水区;不同水位时期生物密度和生物量差异显著,优势种及其相对丰度有较大波动;生物多样性表现为高水位期高于低水位期,流水区域显著高于静水区。聚类分析和多维尺度分析结果显示,大宁河底栖动物群落结构在时间上和空间上均出现了明显的分化。     

日本鳗鲡幼体的耳石微化学分析及其环境指示元素筛选

在长江口日本鳗鲡鳗苗捕捞汛期,于长江靖江段采集日本鳗鲡幼体,采用同步辐射X射线荧光(XRF)定量分析方法测定了幼体矢耳石中14种元素的含量,分析了在海洋与淡水早期生活史阶段的微化学特征。结果显示,耳石中Ca和Sr为常量元素,Ba、Fe、Mn、Zn的含量也在1-10μg/g之间,Cr、Ni、Se、Co、Cu、Au则在1 mg/g以下。Ni、Cu、Mn、Cr、Co、Zn和Sr含量的稳定性较好,变异系数在30%以下;Se、Au的含量低且极不稳定,变异系数达40.8-75.0%;Fe在不同个体间存在显著的含量差异(p=0.007<0.05),但其他元素不存在个体差异。在海洋生活史阶段,Mn、Se、Co、Ba为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Sr、Fe、Zn、Ni、Cu为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000)。除Sr、Ba和Se外,卵黄囊期和柳叶鳗期的耳石富集系数并无显著差异(p>0.05)。在淡水生活史阶段,Sr和Co为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Se、Zn、Cu、Ba、Mn为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000),Ni、Fe为低富集元素(BCFa-e在10~100)。与海水阶段相比,耳石在淡水阶段的Fe、Ba、Mn、Se、Co、Ni富集系数均大幅减小,而对Sr、Zn、Cu的富集能力有所增大。分析表明,耳石内的Sr、Ba、Ni、Co为环境强响应元素,Fe和Mn为环境弱响应元素,Zn、Cu和Se为环境负响应元素,幼鳗自海洋至淡水的迁徙过程中,前者存在明显的时滞效应,但后两者的日间含量波动较大,缺乏响应的规律性。本文认为,用作鱼类迁移行为或栖息地环境变化的指示元素,需要具备耳石富集效应强、时滞效应小、不同环境间含量差异大、稳定性好、且为非必需元素等特点。从本研究结果看,只有Sr和Ba两种元素符合这些条件 。     

海河干流浮游植物群落结构特征研究张萍1，2，刘宪斌1，李宝华2，白明2，李彤2，王娟娟2

2009—2013年选取春末、夏中、秋初3个季节对海河干流浮游植物进行连续5年的调查与监测,系统分析了海河干流浮游植物种类组成、密度、生物量、优势种、优势度、群落结构以及生物多样性组成,探讨其变化趋势和主要原因,运用单因子方差分析（ ANOVA）分别对各年度间密度和生物量进行差异显著性检验,并利用马加利夫（ Margalef）物种丰富度指数对水质状况进行了评价。结果表明：海河干流浮游植物隶属8门92属181种。绿藻门在细胞密度和种类组成上都占绝对优势,其次为蓝藻门和硅藻门。主要优势种为：绿藻门的四尾栅藻、小球藻、卵囊藻、月牙藻和卡德藻;蓝藻门的微囊藻、胶鞘藻、螺旋藻、颤藻和蓝纤维藻;硅藻门的小环藻、菱形藻和舟形藻;隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻和卵形隐藻。海河干流浮游植物密度和生物量整体变化呈逐年下降的趋势。密度以2009年5月最高,为14936.63×104 cells／L,而在2013年5月最低,为493.6×104 cells ／L;生物量峰值为206.82 mg／L,最低值为4.74 mg／L。经ANOVA检验,这两者在各年份间的差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;五年间,浮游植物群落多样性指数变化不大,基本持平,丰富度指数呈逐年下降趋势,均匀度呈逐年上升态势。海河干流浮游植物多样性指数较低,群落稳定性较差。丰富度指数分析表明,海河干流的水质处于α中污—重污型阶段。     

Spatial distribution of δ~2H and δ~18O values in the hydrologic cycle of the Nile Basin

Existing δ2H and δ18O values for precipitation and surface water in the Nile Basin were used to analyze precipitation inputs and the influence of evaporation on the isotopic signal of the Nile River and its tributaries. The goal of the data analysis was to better understand basin processes that influence seasonal streamflow for the source waters of the Nile River, because climate and hydrologic models have continued to produce high uncertainty in the prediction of precipitation and streamflow in the Nile Basin. An evaluation of differences in precipitation δ2H and δ18O values through linear regression and distribution analysis indicate variation by region and season in the isotopic signal of precipitation across the Nile Basin. The White Nile Basin receives precipitation with a more depleted isotopic signal compared to the Blue Nile Basin. The hot temperatures of the Sahelian spring produce a greater evaporation signal in the precipitation isotope distribution compared to precipitation in the Sahara/Mediterranean region, which can be influenced by storms moving in from the Mediterranean Sea. The larger evaporative effect is reversed for the two regions in summer because of the cooling of the Sahel from inflow of Indian Ocean monsoon moisture that predominantly influences the climate of the Blue Nile Basin. The regional precipitation isotopic signals convey to each region's streamflow, which is further modified by additional evaporation according to the local climate. Isotope ratios for White Nile streamflow are significantly altered by evaporation in the Sudd, but this isotopic signal is minimized for streamflow in the Nile River during the winter, spring and summer seasons because of the flow dominance of the Blue Nile. During fall, the contribution from the White Nile may exceed that of the Blue Nile, and the heavier isotopic signal of the White Nile becomes apparent. The variation in climatic conditions of the Nile River Basin provides a means of identifying mechanistic processes through changes in isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen, which have utility for separating precipitation origin and the effect of evaporation during seasonal periods. The existing isotope record for precipitation and streamflow in the Nile Basin can be used to evaluate predicted streamflow in the Nile River from a changing climate that is expected to induce further changes in precipitation patterns across the Nile Basin.     

金沙江下游支流大汶溪鱼类资源现状与保护对策

2011年7月至2013年3月对金沙江下游支流大汶溪进行了6次鱼类资源调查,共设3个采样点,每次调查时间为10~15 d。结果表明,大汶溪共采集到鱼类3目、8科、28属、41种,其中长江上游特有鱼类8种;大汶溪上游以齐口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)prenanti]、短体副鳅(Paracobitis potanini)和短须裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)wangchiachii]为优势种,中游以齐口裂腹鱼、短体副鳅为优势种,下游以鲫(Carassius auratus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)为优势种,不同江段的渔获物组成存在差异;主要捕捞对象齐口裂腹鱼平均体重低于80 g、起捕规格小于10 g,存在过度捕捞现象。大汶溪鱼类多样性指数较高,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)、Wilhm改进指数(H')、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)分别为1.683~2.785、1.116~2.789、0.6597~0.9016、0.2831~0.4762,但整体上低于金沙江绥江段,该江段此4项指数分别为3.230、2.893、0.9421和0.4681。向家坝水电站淹没成库以及过度捕捞对大汶溪鱼类资源形成威胁,需要加强鱼类生态保护措施。     

Amazon River water in the northeastern Caribbean Sea and its effect on larval reef fish assemblages during April 2009

During April to June 2009, a large bolus of Amazon River water impacted the northeastern Caribbean Sea. Shipboard observations collected near Saba Bank, the U.S. and British Virgin Islands, and the Anegada Passage showed low surface salinity (35.76 ± 0.05 Practical Salinity Unit (PSU)), elevated surface temperature (26.77 ± 0.14°C), high chlorophyll‐a (1.26 ± 0.21 mg m^?3) and high dissolved oxygen (4.90 ± 0.06 mL L^?1) in a 20‐ to 30‐m thick surface layer in the riverine plume. The water was ~1°C warmer, 1 PSU fresher, 0.3 mL L^?1 higher in oxygen and 1.2 mg m^?3 higher in chlorophyll‐a than Atlantic Ocean waters to the north, with Caribbean surface waters showing intermediate values. Plankton net tows obtained in the upper 100 m of the water column revealed larval fish assemblages within the plume that were significantly different from those of the surrounding waters and from those encountered in the area in previous years. The plume waters contained higher concentrations of mesopelagic fish larvae from the families Myctophidae and Nomeidae, which as adults typically inhabit offshore, deep water habitats. Concentrations of larvae from inshore and reef‐associated families such as Scaridae, Serranidae, Labridae and Clupeidae were lower than those found outside the plume in similar shallow areas, particularly in near‐surface waters. An event like the one observed in 2009 had not been documented in at least the past 30 yr, and yet it was followed by another similarly extreme event in 2010. The ecological implications, including any long‐term consequences of such recent extreme events, are important and merit further study.     

近40年洮河流域干燥度变化趋势分析

利用洮河流域7个气象站1971-2010年的地面气象观测资料,根据Holdridge生命地带模型对洮河流域近40 a的干燥度变化进行了分析。结果表明：近40 a洮河流域内可能蒸散率（PER）以0．02·10a-1～0．07·10a-1的趋势上升,20世纪90年代后 PER的平均值比20世纪90年代前上升了0．12,洮河流域从20世纪90年代开始出现了明显的变干的趋势;近40 a洮河流域温度呈明显上升趋势,上升趋势为0．32～0．54℃·10a-1,20世纪80年代末到90年代洮河流域气温出现了暖突变;降水量呈减少的趋势,其中以中、下游减少最明显,减少趋势为13．3～21．8 mm·10a-1;洮河流域出现了明显的暖干化趋势。     

开都河下游灌区不同土地利用类型土壤质地与土壤盐分关系探讨

通过野外调查,实地测点以及土壤采样分析,以开都河流域下游绿洲为研究区,利用SPSS与DPS等软件对盐分与土壤质地进行ANOVA和多重比较分析。研究结果表明：（1）土壤是以粉粒为主的质地组成。粉粒百分含量分别为0～10 cm层62．65％,10～30 cm层60．31％,30～50 cm层55．93％;0～10 cm、10～30 cm与30～50 cm表层土壤中盐分离子的均值呈现SO42－＞CL－＞Mg2＋＞Ca2＋。（2）四种土地利用类型各粒级机械组成变异系数范围分别为林地8％～62％、耕地4％～37％、园地2％～40％、未利用地15％～52％。变异系数较高;四种土地利用类型总盐的均值从高到低依次为未利用地、耕地、园地和林地。（3）不同土地利用类型粉粒差异明显,均达到显著性水平（ P＜0．05）。（4）土壤粘粒与HCO3－、Cl－、SO42－呈显著性相关（ P＜0．05）;粉粒与HCO3－离子含量呈极显著相关（ P＜0．01）。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲棉花种植面积时空变化特征分析

利用研究区棉花种植面积和产量相关统计数据,探究研究区棉花种植面积和产量的时空变化特征及单产和面积作用对棉花产量的影响。研究结果表明：(1) 近62年来,研究区的棉花种植面积、棉花产量和单产均呈上升趋势,而且表现出明显的阶段性和波动性,1949—1985年间增长缓慢,1986—2011年增长迅速。(2) 就棉花总产波动来看, 单产的作用占42.04%,面积作用占50.96%,在1949—1985年间单产增加对棉花总产量提高的贡献较大,在1986—2011年间棉花种植面积扩大对棉花总产量提高的贡献较大。(3) 1985年前棉花种植面积较稳定,波动不大,主要靠挤占粮食作物面积来扩大,1986年之后棉花种植面积扩大迅速,主要途径为开荒造地。(4) 棉花市场价格的波动、生产成本的上升、产量的徘徊、生产环境的恶化和品种等直接影响着研究区棉花生产的竞争力和棉农增收。     

Simulation of hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins: taking the Heihe Mainstream River as an example

The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.