图们江流域湿地空间格局变化与保护

图们江流域的自然环境较为复杂,湿地类型丰富,分布广泛。源头及上游以森林沼泽和灌丛沼泽为主,中游多为草本沼泽,下游到图们江口,湿地分布广泛,主要类型为天然和人工湖泊,草本沼泽。由于人为活动,湿地的空间分布格局发生较大的变化。为保护湿地的环境功能,必须加强湿地环境监测,合理调整湿地空间结构,保证湿地资源的可持续利用。     

闸坝工程建设对北运河水量水质影响研究

北运河流域闸坝工程修建,在一定程度上改变了河流的水文情势和水环境状况。以北运河重要水文站通县站1931—1990年流量资料为研究对象,对于闸坝修建前后水文情势变化进行了对比分析,同时对北运河干流关键控制性闸坝断面2004—2009年实测监测资料进行了水质评价,并对水质时空变化进行了分析。结果表明,北运河闸坝工程拦蓄导致流量减少,其中4月份流量减少最明显,非汛期较汛期下降明显;北运河水体环境质量整体上较差,基本上均为超V类水体,上游和下游水质相对优于中游水质情况,其中水质指标氨态氮、高锰酸盐指数影响较大。     

塔里木河流域未来农业水价调整的经济补偿效应及其管理研究

基于塔河流域农业水价承受力分析的基本指标,及适宜流域的水价补偿标准,分析了塔河流域不同水价补偿方案对不同农业节水水价的补偿效应。结果表明,未来应当根据农户的水价承受力,不同的流域实行不同的水价补偿;为保证流域的粮食生产安全,对粮食作物应当采用更高的水价补偿水平;未来流域农业水价调整既需要更高的水价补偿,又需要高的其他种植补贴,才能更好的保证未来农业水价调整的实施。     

玛纳斯河流域绿洲土壤养分空间变异特征与格局

运用经典统计学及地统计学的半变异函数定量研究了玛纳斯河流域绿洲表层土壤(0～10cm)中有机质、全氮、全钾和全磷4种养分含量的空间变异特征。结果表明:4种养分含量数据均服从正态分布,有机质、全氮和全磷的理论模型属于指数模型,全钾的则符合球状模型。全氮和全钾的空间自相关范围为24.18km和35.78km,空间结构上具有中等空间相关性,随机性因素引起的全氮和全钾的变异分别占48.93%和48.23%,是结构性因素(气候、母质、地形、土壤类型等)和随机因素(施肥、耕作措施、种植制度等)共同作用的结果;有机质和全磷的空间自相关范围为79.10km和82.63km,空间结构上具有强相关性,块金值与基台值之比分别为25.06%和20.00%,其空间变异主要由结构性因素引起的。在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,通过Kriging插值研究了玛纳斯河流域绿洲土壤养分的空间水平分布规律并对土壤养分要素含量等级进行了评价。有机质、全氮和全钾具有南北部高,中间低,由南北向中心递减的趋势;有机质、全氮、全钾含量为较丰富以上等级面积分别占研究区的0%、97.91%、99.69%;全磷含量从中心往南递增,北部分布较均匀;全磷含量为较丰富以上等级的面积占研究区的10.62%。     

融入长三角区域一体化的高职院校教学新模式探索——以池州职业技术学院“五位一体”教学新模式为例

通过教师按岗设课、学生以岗学习、学生跟岗实训、学生按岗竞赛、师生同岗帮扶服务的“五位一体”教学新模式研究以及“一基三岗”梯级教学方法的探索和实践,表明这种多元化教学与培养人才的模式,不仅提升了教学质量,培育了大量工匠与技能型人才,还形成了科技合作、成果共享、共建共赢的对外服务良好机制,对推动教学改革,加强师资队伍建设,促进当地企业科技创新和新农村建设都起着积极作用。     

Temporal changes in ascendance and in‐season exploitation of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar,inferred by a video camera array

Abstract Weekly exploitation rates of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the River Utsjoki, Finland, were estimated from catch reports during the 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007 seasons, and recordings of all Atlantic salmon ascending the river using a submerged video camera array. In all years, mean weekly fishing mortality rates were significantly higher in June than July to August, with a falling trend throughout the fishing season. Owing to overlap in size between one‐sea‐winter (1SW) and multi‐sea‐winter (MSW) salmon, the estimated fishing mortality rates were based on all sea‐age categories combined. By the second week in June, 18.3–34.7% of large salmon (only MSW) had ascended, compared with 2.2–6.4% of small salmon (1SW and some MSW). Indirectly, the earlier start of ascent of large salmon to River Utsjoki indicated that in‐river fishing mortality of MSW salmon is higher than for 1SW salmon. A later opening of the fishing season may be used to reduce the in‐river fishing mortality, especially for the MSW component.     

珠江口颗粒附着微生物群落沿环境梯度的演替

将PCR-DGGE技术和典范对应分析相结合,研究了珠江口水体颗粒附着微生物群落沿环境梯度的空间分布特征及其影响因素。DGGE指纹图谱分析表明,颗粒附着微生物群落沿环境梯度表现出明显的空间演替:不同站位之间既存在共同谱带,又具有各自的特征谱带;S4和S5两个站位的微生物群落结构与其相邻站位相比,DGGE指纹图谱变化明显,是颗粒附着微生物从海淡水混合区向海水区演替的中间过渡类型。对DGGE图谱中19条主带回收、测序表明,两个序列与已培养的微生物同源性≥99%,其余17条序列均与未培养的环境微生物种群具有很高的相似性(91%～100%);变形菌门和拟杆菌门是珠江口颗粒附着微生物的优势种群,其中变形菌门为绝对优势种群(78.9%)。典范对应分析显示,氮相关营养盐水平和盐度是影响水体颗粒附着微生物群落分布格局的两个主要因素。     

北盘江光唇裂腹鱼个体繁殖力的研究

为了研究光唇裂腹鱼（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｔｈｏｒａｘｌｉｓｓｏｌａｂｉａｔｕｓ）的繁殖生物学,以采自珠江水系北盘江的３７尾卵巢成熟度为Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的光唇裂腹鱼标本为材料,用常规方法系统研究了该种鱼的个体繁殖力。结果表明,光唇裂腹鱼个体绝对繁殖力Ｆ为４５５～１０７１４粒,个体体长相对繁殖力ＦＬ为２．００～３７．２０粒／ｍｍ,个体体重相对繁殖力ＦＷ 为１８２～３７．２３粒／ｇ。相关分析显示,Ｆ、ＦＬ与其体长、体重、纯体重、卵巢重、年龄之间均呈显著性正相关,ＦＷ 与各项生物学指标之间相关性均不显著;Ｆ和ＦＬ与体长、体重、纯体重之间最佳拟合回归方程均为二次函数,与卵巢重之间的最佳拟合方程均为幂函数,而与年龄之间拟合度最好的方程则均为线性函数。复合分析、综合分析显示,体长、体重是影响光唇裂腹鱼个体繁殖力最重要的因素。     

元江越鳠的食性研究

研究了越鳠的食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学。样本251尾,2008年6月~2009年5月采自云南元江。结果表明：越鳠的食物由水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类等15类组成,水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类的出现率分别为73.8%和64.2%,所占比重分别为40.0%和46.9%,小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫为越鳠的主要食物。随着体长增加,食物类别减少,摄食强度降低;水生昆虫幼虫的出现率降低,成虫出现率增加;体长160 mm以上个体胃中出现陆生昆虫且其出现率持续上升。食物组成的季节变化明显,摄食强度的季节变化不明显。越鳠是一种偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类,主要摄食底层小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫。     

A histological evaluation of pansteatitis-affected Mozambique tilapia,Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters 1852), from different geographical locations in South Africa

Pansteatitis is the leading cause for the decline in Nile crocodile populations and the sporadic mortality of fish in the Olifants River System, South Africa. To determine the prevalence of this disease in lentic systems, Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, were collected from Lake Loskop, Lake Flag Boshielo, Phalaborwa Barrage and Lake Luphephe-Nwanedi. The former three impoundments are located within the main stem of the Olifants River, while the latter, which is geographically isolated and situated in the Limpopo River System, served as a reference site. Mesenteric adipose, liver, serosa of the swim bladder, gill and the skeletal muscle of fish sampled were examined for gross and microscopic evidence of pansteatitis. Microscopically observed changes were used to statistically compare pansteatitis prevalence between samples and sites. Based on histopathological evaluation, the adipose tissue in the liver, swim bladder serosa and coelom from severely debilitated individuals showed the most significant pathological changes. Lesions indicative of steatitis were observed in fish collected from Lake Loskop (75%), Lake Flag Boshielo (22%) and Lake Luphephe-Nwanedi (15%). Further investigation is warranted to understand the pervasiveness and mechanisms driving pathological changes of pansteatitis at Lake Flag Boshielo, Phalaborwa Barrage and Lake Luphephe-Nwanedi.