金沙江干热河谷典型水电开发对局地气候的影响

[目的] 探究水电开发对局地气候的影响,是预防和减轻水电开发可能带来的负面效应,实现能源的可持续发展与环境保护的重要保障。[方法] 选取金沙江中游的龙开口、观音岩及下游的溪洛渡、向家坝4个典型水电站,运用气候倾向率、M-K趋势检验和小波分析等方法,定量分析了中下游水电局地气温、降水在蓄水前后的月、季、年变化及在水电开发中的突变情况和周期性特征。[结果] (1)蓄水后,水电站对河谷内最高温起抑制作用,最低温起抬升作用;夏季和秋季,下游水电站发挥了降温作用,月平均气温2,6,7,9,10,11月下降显著,而中游水电站调温作用不明显,仅7月平均气温略有下降。(2)蓄水后,各季节降水量均有增加,在4,8,9月增加显著,增幅为0.71~27.95 mm。(3)气温、降水与水电开发相关,中下游水电站的气温、降水在开发中和蓄水后发生不同时间的突变。(4)气温和降水在小波变化周期上呈现相似的特征,蓄水后,局地降水呈现出更显著的周期性,并且具有一定稳定性。[结论] 不同时间尺度上,水电开发在不同河段上影响局地气温和降水的程度不同,受到地理位置、周边环境及蓄水时长的多重因素制约。     

融入长三角区域一体化的高职院校教学新模式探索——以池州职业技术学院“五位一体”教学新模式为例

通过教师按岗设课、学生以岗学习、学生跟岗实训、学生按岗竞赛、师生同岗帮扶服务的“五位一体”教学新模式研究以及“一基三岗”梯级教学方法的探索和实践,表明这种多元化教学与培养人才的模式,不仅提升了教学质量,培育了大量工匠与技能型人才,还形成了科技合作、成果共享、共建共赢的对外服务良好机制,对推动教学改革,加强师资队伍建设,促进当地企业科技创新和新农村建设都起着积极作用。     

Temporal changes in ascendance and in‐season exploitation of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar,inferred by a video camera array

Abstract Weekly exploitation rates of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the River Utsjoki, Finland, were estimated from catch reports during the 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007 seasons, and recordings of all Atlantic salmon ascending the river using a submerged video camera array. In all years, mean weekly fishing mortality rates were significantly higher in June than July to August, with a falling trend throughout the fishing season. Owing to overlap in size between one‐sea‐winter (1SW) and multi‐sea‐winter (MSW) salmon, the estimated fishing mortality rates were based on all sea‐age categories combined. By the second week in June, 18.3–34.7% of large salmon (only MSW) had ascended, compared with 2.2–6.4% of small salmon (1SW and some MSW). Indirectly, the earlier start of ascent of large salmon to River Utsjoki indicated that in‐river fishing mortality of MSW salmon is higher than for 1SW salmon. A later opening of the fishing season may be used to reduce the in‐river fishing mortality, especially for the MSW component.     

珠江口颗粒附着微生物群落沿环境梯度的演替

将PCR-DGGE技术和典范对应分析相结合,研究了珠江口水体颗粒附着微生物群落沿环境梯度的空间分布特征及其影响因素。DGGE指纹图谱分析表明,颗粒附着微生物群落沿环境梯度表现出明显的空间演替:不同站位之间既存在共同谱带,又具有各自的特征谱带;S4和S5两个站位的微生物群落结构与其相邻站位相比,DGGE指纹图谱变化明显,是颗粒附着微生物从海淡水混合区向海水区演替的中间过渡类型。对DGGE图谱中19条主带回收、测序表明,两个序列与已培养的微生物同源性≥99%,其余17条序列均与未培养的环境微生物种群具有很高的相似性(91%～100%);变形菌门和拟杆菌门是珠江口颗粒附着微生物的优势种群,其中变形菌门为绝对优势种群(78.9%)。典范对应分析显示,氮相关营养盐水平和盐度是影响水体颗粒附着微生物群落分布格局的两个主要因素。     

北盘江光唇裂腹鱼个体繁殖力的研究

为了研究光唇裂腹鱼（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｔｈｏｒａｘｌｉｓｓｏｌａｂｉａｔｕｓ）的繁殖生物学,以采自珠江水系北盘江的３７尾卵巢成熟度为Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的光唇裂腹鱼标本为材料,用常规方法系统研究了该种鱼的个体繁殖力。结果表明,光唇裂腹鱼个体绝对繁殖力Ｆ为４５５～１０７１４粒,个体体长相对繁殖力ＦＬ为２．００～３７．２０粒／ｍｍ,个体体重相对繁殖力ＦＷ 为１８２～３７．２３粒／ｇ。相关分析显示,Ｆ、ＦＬ与其体长、体重、纯体重、卵巢重、年龄之间均呈显著性正相关,ＦＷ 与各项生物学指标之间相关性均不显著;Ｆ和ＦＬ与体长、体重、纯体重之间最佳拟合回归方程均为二次函数,与卵巢重之间的最佳拟合方程均为幂函数,而与年龄之间拟合度最好的方程则均为线性函数。复合分析、综合分析显示,体长、体重是影响光唇裂腹鱼个体繁殖力最重要的因素。     

元江越鳠的食性研究

研究了越鳠的食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学。样本251尾,2008年6月~2009年5月采自云南元江。结果表明：越鳠的食物由水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类等15类组成,水生昆虫幼虫和小型鱼类的出现率分别为73.8%和64.2%,所占比重分别为40.0%和46.9%,小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫为越鳠的主要食物。随着体长增加,食物类别减少,摄食强度降低;水生昆虫幼虫的出现率降低,成虫出现率增加;体长160 mm以上个体胃中出现陆生昆虫且其出现率持续上升。食物组成的季节变化明显,摄食强度的季节变化不明显。越鳠是一种偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类,主要摄食底层小型鱼类和水生昆虫幼虫。     

A histological evaluation of pansteatitis-affected Mozambique tilapia,Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters 1852), from different geographical locations in South Africa

Pansteatitis is the leading cause for the decline in Nile crocodile populations and the sporadic mortality of fish in the Olifants River System, South Africa. To determine the prevalence of this disease in lentic systems, Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, were collected from Lake Loskop, Lake Flag Boshielo, Phalaborwa Barrage and Lake Luphephe-Nwanedi. The former three impoundments are located within the main stem of the Olifants River, while the latter, which is geographically isolated and situated in the Limpopo River System, served as a reference site. Mesenteric adipose, liver, serosa of the swim bladder, gill and the skeletal muscle of fish sampled were examined for gross and microscopic evidence of pansteatitis. Microscopically observed changes were used to statistically compare pansteatitis prevalence between samples and sites. Based on histopathological evaluation, the adipose tissue in the liver, swim bladder serosa and coelom from severely debilitated individuals showed the most significant pathological changes. Lesions indicative of steatitis were observed in fish collected from Lake Loskop (75%), Lake Flag Boshielo (22%) and Lake Luphephe-Nwanedi (15%). Further investigation is warranted to understand the pervasiveness and mechanisms driving pathological changes of pansteatitis at Lake Flag Boshielo, Phalaborwa Barrage and Lake Luphephe-Nwanedi.     

Stability in reproductive timing and habitat usage of Chinook salmon across six years of varying environmental conditions and abundance

The spatial and temporal distribution of spawning activity by autumn‐run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) was examined across multiple years. The study period included two years of extreme drought conditions when water temperatures in the spawning reach of the Stanislaus River were considered sub‐optimal for spawning and egg incubation. Despite varying levels of superimposition, redd counts and densities remained stable and positively associated with river location, indicating that superimposition may be driven by habitat preference rather than the absence of suitable spawning locations. Spawning occurred slightly later during drought years (6–10 days later compared with wetter years). This delay was attributable to deferred migration instead of deferred spawning, and the majority of redds were constructed at water temperatures exceeding the optimal temperature range. As a consequence, estimates of juvenile production during 2014 and 2015 were among the lowest on record. These findings may be related in part to the high hatchery contribution to the population, above‐average temperatures during spawning and incubation, and superimposition rates. Management recommendations include adequate cold‐water storage in the upstream reservoir, refined spawning habitat restoration techniques in the light of superimposition rates and, on a broader system scale, actions that reduce the amount of stray hatchery Chinook salmon.     

基于GAM的长江口鱼类资源时空分布及影响因素

根据2006至2017年长江口及其邻近海域鱼类资源调查,运用广义加性模型研究长江口鱼类资源密度与环境因子之间的关系,并对2017年鱼类资源密度的时空分布进行预测。结果显示,春夏秋冬四个季节最佳GAM偏差解释率分别为69.6%、55.9%、51.4%和47.4%,交叉验证回归线斜率的平均效应为0.62～0.88。盐度、水温和溶解氧是影响长江口鱼类资源密度的主要环境影响因子且在不同季节对鱼类资源密度有不同的影响机制。总体上,在春、夏、秋季,盐度与鱼类资源密度之间存在正向相关性;在夏、秋、冬季,水温对鱼类资源密度有显著影响,在秋季与鱼类资源密度之间存在正向相关性;在春、秋、冬季,溶解氧对鱼类资源密度有显著影响,在冬季与鱼类资源密度之间存在正向线性相关。研究表明,2017年夏季鱼类资源密度较高;在长江口南支的自然延伸水域存在鱼类资源密度的相对低值,在崇明岛向海自然延伸方向水域存在鱼类资源密度的相对高值。后续研究将对长江口鱼类资源进行不同生态类型区分,以期更加准确地掌握影响各生态类型鱼类时空分布的环境因素及其时空分布信息。     

橄榄蛏蚌赣江群体数量性状的通径分析

为探明橄榄蛏蚌各数量性状间的相关性以及影响肉质量的主要性状,随机选取40只3~4龄的野生橄榄蛏蚌,测量了壳长、壳宽、壳高、体质量(x1)、壳质量(x2)、高(x3)和肉质量(y)等7个数量性状,计算含肉率。运用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析等统计方法,对各数量性状之间的相互关系进行分析,计算各性状对肉质量的通径系数与决定系数,并建立了回归方程。研究结果显示,橄榄蛏蚌的含肉率达到65.62%,是极具开发潜力的食用淡水贝类;橄榄蛏蚌各数量性状间的表型相关均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);体质量对肉质量的直接作用最大,为0.983,是影响肉质量的主要因素,而壳长、壳宽、壳高、高与壳质量等性状对肉质量的影响主要是通过体质量间接实现的;体质量的综合决定效应为96.08%,是影响肉质量的最主要因素,具有育种意义;运用逐步回归方法,建立了各数量性状对肉质量的回归方程为:y=-18.548+0.690x1-0.442x2+6.804x3。