EFFECTS OF CARBONIZED CHICKEN MANURE ON THE GROWTH,NODULATION, YIELD,NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENTS OF FOUR GRAIN LEGUMES

The effects of carbonized chicken manure (CCM) on the growth, nodulation, yield, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of four grain legumes (soybean, cowpea, common bean and adzuki bean) were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Carbonized chicken manure produced from chicken manure dried in a furnace at 450°C was used in this experiment. The manure was incorporated into the sandy loam soil of each grain legume at two rates (0 kg N ha^?1 and 100 kg N ha^?1) three weeks before sowing. Growth, nodulation and total biomass N and P were evaluated at peak flowering stage of growth. The CCM showed positive effects on nodule number and weight of soybean and cowpea while it depressed nodule number in adzuki bean. Biomass total N content of soybean and cowpea increased with CCM supply while it decreased in adzuki bean. Biomass and seed total P content of soybean, cowpea and adzuki bean all increased in response to CCM application. Soybean and cowpea seed yields increased by 27% and 43% respectively in response to CCM supply. There was a strong positive correlation between seed P content and seed yield of soybean which indicates the importance of elemental P to soybean seed yield. No such phenomenon was observed in adzuki bean. A strong positive correlation was also observed between seed total N content and seed yield of the grain legumes. The results indicate that although common bean had the highest biomass total P content at peak flowering stage both vegetative and reproductive growth were poor due to the unsuitably high day/night temperatures in the greenhouse. Application of CCM slightly depressed yield of adzuki bean due to the reduction in the number of pods per pot and the 100 seed weight. This study shows that CCM is a good source of N and P for the growth, nodulation and yield of some grain legumes particularly soybean and cowpea.     

Nitrogenase Activity and Nodule Biomass of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Decrease in Cover Crop Mixtures

Legume cover crops are often used to build soil nitrogen (N) fertility and there is increasing interest in cover crop mixtures. The objective of this mechanistic greenhouse study was to determine the effect of cover crop community diversity and soil fertility on nitrogenase activity and nodule biomass of cowpea. Cover crops were grown for 42–53 days, aboveground biomass was harvested, and nitrogenase activity was estimated with the acetylene reduction assay. Roots were then excavated to determine nodule and root biomass. Nitrogenase activity and nodule biomass per plant were greatest in cowpea monoculture and reduced by 71–98 percent in four-species mixtures. Reduced capacity for N₂ fixation was partially driven by lower cowpea biomass in mixtures. The ratio of root nodule / shoot biomass increased by 81–297 percent in low-fertility relative to high-fertility soils, which contributed to increased nitrogenase activity. Results suggest cowpea monocultures in low-fertility soils have the greatest potential for N₂ fixation.     

辽宁省凌源市豆科植物资源的开发及其利用

豆科植物抗逆性强,植物生长中与根瘤菌共生形成的根瘤,能将空气中的氮固定成氨,为宿主植物提供大量氮肥,可改良土壤和培肥地力,能创造较高生态和经济效益,实现对有限资源的高效利用和可持续发展。     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of European grain legumes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Two trials were carried out to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipids, starch and gross energy (GE) of six European varieties of grain legumes, namely chickpea‐type Kabuli (CHK), chickpea‐type Desi (CHD), field pea (FP), faba bean (FB), white lupin (WL) and chickling vetch (CV), in rainbow trout and Nile tilapia juveniles. The ADCs were measured using a reference diet and six experimental diets (700 g/kg of the reference diet and 300 g/kg of each raw grain legume) containing 10 g/kg chromic oxide as inert marker. Additionally, grain legumes were analysed for the organic acids profile. In rainbow trout, FP presented the highest ADCs of DM, CP and GE, whereas chickpeas and FB had the lowest DM, GE and starch ADC values. In Nile tilapia, the lowest values of nutrients (except starch) and energy ADCs were found for FP and CV. Nutrients and energy of chickpeas, WL and FB were better digested by tilapia, whereas FP was better digested by trout. Overall results reveal raw grain legumes as promising feed sources for both fish species.     

Effects of Grazing on Population Growth Characteristics of Caragana stenophylla Along a Climatic Aridity Gradient

Shrubs are important plant species in grassland ecosystems worldwide, and their density and cover have been gradually increasing globally. However, the interaction effect of grazing and aridity on population recruitment and population growth of shrub species in grasslands has not been examined explicitly. We examined sapling establishment, sexual recruitment, population mortality, and population growth of Caragana stenophylla along a climatic aridity gradient and a grazing intensity gradient in the Inner Mongolia Steppe, using manipulative field experiments. Sapling establishment, sapling height, and sexual recruitment of C. stenophylla decreased as climatic aridity and grazing intensity increased. The negative effects of grazing on sapling establishment and sexual recruitment gradually increased as climatic aridity increased. The effect of climatic aridity and grazing on population mortality was influenced by sexual recruitment. In the combined treatments of climatic aridity and grazing, population mortality was relatively high when sexual recruitment was relatively high, while population mortality increased as climatic aridity and grazing increased when sexual recruitment was relatively low. C. stenophylla population increased under relatively low drought stress and mild grazing but declined under strong drought stress and/or severe grazing. Our results suggested that to maintain viable Caragana populations, appropriate grazing policies must be made according to climate aridity gradient.     

生物与非生物因素对共生固氮的影响

豆科植物根系分泌物、结瘤因子、根瘤菌与其他具有竞争性的土壤微生物等生物因子,以及土壤水分、酸碱性和矿质营养等非生物因子均是影响根瘤菌-豆科植物共生固氮体系结构和功能的重要因素,其中生物因素的影响更为复杂和深远,在共生体的构建中起主导作用,深入地研究这些因素对根瘤菌-豆科植物侵染结瘤能力和固氮效率的影响,对促进环境保护和农业可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。从生物与非生物因素两方面着手,主要介绍了宿主植物、根瘤菌及环境因子对根瘤菌-豆科植物共生固氮的影响,并浅析了目前国内外在该方面研究中存在的一些主要问题及发展趋势。     

玉米根茬地杂豆垄作播种机的改进设计

在玉米根茬地,利用联合作业机起茬、破茬碎土、垄体深松、灭茬旋耕、起垄整形等多项作业,达到杂豆种植要求,采用大垄平台的栽培模式,改进设计气吸式播种机核心部件,使种子的间距、粒距(株距)及深度都达到精确分布,并在田间进行性能试验。研究结果表明,完全满足了杂豆"大垄平台"高产栽培技术要求,公顷保苗21~25万株·hm~(-2),株距合格率达到98%,且漏播率、重播率较低,播种质量高,满足播种质量的要求。     

决明属（Chamaecrista spp）豆科牧草8个品种化感潜力的研究

研究决明属（Chamaecrista spp.）豆科牧草8个品种[圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia）CPI86134、CPI34721、CPI86178、CPI3248、ATF2232、CPI57503和羽叶决明（Chamaecrasta nictitans）ATF2217、ATF2219]对禾本科牧草百喜草（Paspalum notatum）的化感作用,以确定该8个豆科牧草品种的化感潜力。结果表明,8个决明属豆科牧草品种具有较强的化感作用;随着浓度的逐渐降低,8个品种开花期浸提液的化感抑制作用逐渐减弱,结荚期浸提液的化感促进作用逐渐加强;同一品种,同一生长时期,不同浓度（5%、7.5%和10%）的化感作用综合效应表现不同;同一生长时期,同一浓度,不同品种的化感综合效应表现也不同。可见,决明属牧草8个品种的化感作用受浓度、生长时期和品种的影响。     

Soil potassium effects on nitrogenase activity with associated nodule components of hairy vetch at anthesis

Acetylene reduction techniques are frequently utilized to estimate legume nodule nitrogenase activity levels. However, the known symbiotic nitrogen fixation reactions have no equivalent for the rapid permeastic transport of C₂H₄ reduced by nitrogenase of rhyzobial cells through the cortex tissues with the subsequent volatile excretion that is essential for GC quantitation procedures. The objective of this study was to determine interrelationships of nitrogenase (C₂H₂ reduction) with associated cytosol enzyme components from morphologically homologous nodules of Madison hairy vetch (Vicia villosa, Roth) at anthesis as influenced by soil potassium levels. The vetch plants were grown in a siliceous thermic Psammentic Paleustalf, Eufaula, and inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum Frank, ATCC 10314.

Highly significant enhancement of nitrogenase activity progressed from quadratic to linear with increased soil K levels in time‐course samplings at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. incubations at 27C. Means as C₂H₄ μmole g^‐1 fresh nodule wt. were 25.1, 38.8, 50.1 and 92.2 for 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg K/kg soil, respectively.

Activity levels of four cytosol enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT), increased significantly with increased K soil levels. These are requisite to enzymatic pathways for fixed N ammonia biotransformations with subsequent xylem translocation from the legume nodule. The transaminase (AST) and ligase (GS) were dominant at all K levels with GS increasing linearly to six fold levels over the check treatment. Cytosol composition of total ureides and αKG increased significantly with increased soil K. levels. Cytosol Ca and Mg increases were not significant but highly significant increased K content with reciprocal decreased Na resulted from increased soil K levels. Multiple regression for the most reliable response surface equation within a general linear model with R² = 60.3% was: Nitrogenase (C₂H₂ reduction) = 2.84 nod. wt. + 1.05 GS + 8.08 αKG + 0.11 ureide, CV = 16.2%. Practical application of these data include need for more than single time‐course C₂H₄ determinations from one culture incubation in order to reliably estimate C₂H₂ reduction capabilities of legume nodules. Adequate levels of available soil potassium were necessary for sustained high nltrogenase activity levels.