安徽省典型城市周边土壤-蔬菜中PAHs的污染特征

研究了安徽省合肥、芜湖和亳州市周边蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜中PAHs的含量及其污染特征。结果表明：安徽省典型蔬菜地土壤中15种PAHs（除萘外）的残留总量在58.2～437.8μg·kg-1之间,三环和四环PAHs占PAHs残留总量的70%以上。胡萝卜、菠菜和茄子体内15种PAHs的含量在23.4～209.1μg·kg-1之间,均值为120.7μg·kg-1,三环和四环PAHs占蔬菜中PAHs富集总量的92.8%～94.4%。不同蔬菜体内8种可疑性致癌PAHs的含量在11.5～17.4μg·kg-1之间,分别占蔬菜中PAHs残留总量的9.80%～13.8%,其中BaP含量在1.69～2.03μg·kg-1之间,低于国家对食品中污染物（BaP）的限量标准（5μg·kg-1）。不同类型PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数在0.10～9.20之间,极差达10倍以上,低分子量PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数要大于高分子量PAHs。不同PAHs在蔬菜体内的富集系数表现为胡萝卜〉菠菜〉茄子,其中芴在蔬菜体内的富集系数最高。     

二次增效发酵菌糠基质对黄桃品质和产量的影响

蘑菇菌糠含有丰富的有机质,且有良好的持水和透气能力。通过对蘑菇菌糠进行二次增效发酵,其作为园艺栽培基质的性能和肥效均有了较大的提高:粗纤维含量下降了5.8%,粗蛋白和粗脂肪分别提高了1.3%和0.7%,总有机质含量下降了0.6%,碳氮比下降了6.2%。将经过二次增效发酵的蘑菇菌糠用于黄桃栽培中作为基肥,黄桃品质和产量均有显著改善,其中优果率提高了5%。蘑菇菌糠发酵料经二次增效发酵处理后是一种优良的园艺基质原料。     

黄板对温室黄瓜2种害虫的防效及对农残的控制效果

以目光温室黄瓜斑潜蝇和白粉虱为例,研究了黄板不同悬挂高度、位置、密度的诱虫效果和对农残的控制作用。结果表明,斑潜蝇成虫的诱杀量以在黄瓜植株中上部居多,白粉虱成虫则以中下部的诱杀效果较好;在目光温室的中后部诱杀的两种害虫数量多。田闻放置黄板的数量以450片／hm^2较为经济有效。害虫初发期使用黄板,能够减少农药使用次数2～3次,可达到单纯使用杀虫剂的防效,有效降低了农药残留。     

几种增效剂对银法利防治节瓜霜霉病的增效作用的研究

我国的农药产量以及使用量一直居于世界的前列,由于农药制剂技术相对落后,研发低毒、低残留的农药已经成为当今农药市场的主要任务。     

分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定柑橘中四螨嗪的残留量

建立了高效液相色谱法快速检测柑橘中四螨嗪残留量的方法。试样经乙腈提取,使用N-丙基乙二胺键合固相吸附材料(PSA)和C18吸附剂净化,在C18柱上以乙腈-水(V∶V=70∶30)为流动相进行分离,在268 nm波长下检测。四螨嗪在0.05～5.00 mg/L时线性关系良好(R2=0.999 3);柑橘果肉和果皮中四螨嗪的最低检测限(LOD)均为0.05 mg/kg;在0.05～1.00 mg/kg添加水平时,果肉和果皮中四螨嗪的回收率分别为77.6%～91.6%、79.3%～105.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于8.1%。     

南昌市蔬菜有机磷农药残留快速检测试验

对南昌市2005年6月~2006年3月的蔬菜采用酶抑制显色化学动力学方法进行了检测,结果表明南昌市蔬菜有机磷农药残留平均为8.10%,其中茄果类的残留最高,为12.32%,叶菜类残留最低,为3.68%。并对酶抑制显色化学动力学方法快速检测农药残留的优缺点进行了讨论。     

玉米秸秆液化树脂化研究

[目的]研究玉米秸秆液化及树脂化的工艺条件,进而提高玉米秸秆资源的利用价值及开辟玉米秸秆利用的新途径.[方法]以苯酚为液化剂、磷酸为催化剂对玉米秸秆进行液化,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定玉米秸秆液化的最优工艺;然后对液化产物进行树脂化,利用单因素试验确定树脂化工艺.[结果]玉米秸秆液化的最优工艺条件：液化温度150℃、液化时间165 min、固液比3∶13、磷酸用量10％,该液化工艺条件下,玉米秸秆液化残渣率为l2.1％;树脂化工艺条件：甲醛与液化产物摩尔比1.8、NaOH与液化产物摩尔比0.35、树脂化合成温度85℃、保温时间40 min、水与液化产物摩尔比8.0,该工艺条件下可生产获得综合性能较好的玉米秸秆液化物树脂,用其压制的胶合板干状强度1.788 MPa、湿状强度0.812 MPa,胶合强度符合国家标准（GB/T 17657-1999）对Ⅰ类胶合板的要求（≥0.700MPa）.[结论]以玉米秸秆液化产物制备的酚醛树脂胶黏剂可用于木材加工.     

Remediation of amide pesticide-polluted soils by combined solarization and ozonation treatment

Agriculture has a close relationship with nature, but it can also be the source of negative and permanent environmental effects. The use of pesticides in modern agriculture is a common practice, but their side effects on the environment cannot be disregarded. In this study, we evaluated a combination of solarization and ozonation techniques for the elimination of six amide pesticides (boscalid, chlorantraniliprole, cyflufenamid, fluopyram, napropamide, and propyzamide) in soil. Initial experiments were performed with four different soils to assess the efficiency of this methodology at different soil temperatures and ozone dosages under laboratory conditions, and then a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions during summer. Fifty days after the onset of the experiments, higher degradation percentages of amide pesticides were observed in ozonized soils than in other treated soils, particularly when ozone was applied at 10 cm soil depth. The results show that the utilization of ozonation, along with solarization, represents a valid method for degrading residues of the studied pesticides and suggest that this combined technology may be a promising tool for remediating pesticide-polluted soils.     

金霉素和代谢物差向金霉素在肉鸡肌肉和肝脏中的残留分布

为了研究金霉素(CTC)、差向金霉素(ECTC)在肉鸡肌肉、肝脏中的残留分布情况,样品经提取液提取后过Oasis HLB SPE小柱净化,采用电喷雾正离子模式(ESI+)和多反应监测模式(MRM),用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪检测;试验组鸡按体重以50 mg/(kg·d)剂量内服CTC,连续5 d,每天给药1次。结果表明:该方法测定肉鸡肌肉和肝脏中CTC检测限和定量限分别为5.0、10.0μg/kg。ECTC检测限和定量限分别为20.0、30.0μg/kg。CTC和ECTC在肉鸡肌肉中平均回收率分别在73.0%~95.20%和81.80%~101.60%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别在8.85%~12.18%和2.05%~9.29%;在肉鸡肝脏中平均回收率分别在67.06%~90.80%和78.64%~106.98%,RSD分别在2.90%~8.88%和4.72%~9.48%;肉鸡肌肉和肝脏中CTC、代谢物ECTC的残留量分别在给药后第1、5 d时达到最高。肉鸡肝脏中ECTC的残留量约占总残留量的1/2。停药后CTC及其代谢物ECTC代谢缓慢,在停药第6 d时,仍能检测到CTC及其代谢物ECTC,但其残留量均低于最高残留限量(MRLs)。从保障食品安全方面考虑,建议我国将CTC和ECTC均作为金霉素的残留标示物进行监测。     

Comparison of foliar and soil formulations of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in wine grapes

BACKGROUND: The potential of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides to control potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), a damaging pest of wine grapes in the eastern United States, was investigated. Soil or foliar applications were made to potted or field‐grown vines, and the response of leafhoppers was determined in clip cages over the following month on young or mature leaves. RESULTS: Foliar application of imidacloprid caused immediate and long‐lasting reductions in E. fabae survival on both leaf ages, whereas the activity of soil‐applied imidacloprid was delayed. Clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam all provided long‐lasting reduction in leafhopper survival on young and mature foliage when applied through either delivery route. However, the percentage of moribund nymphs was significantly greater on foliar‐treated vines and increased over time in mature and immature leaves compared with soil‐treated vines. Residue analysis of foliar‐applied imidacloprid showed an 89% decline in mature leaves from day 1 to day 27, and a 98% decline in immature leaves over the same time period. Comparison of soil‐applied clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in field‐grown vines showed significant reduction in E. fabae only on mature leaves of vines treated with thiamethoxam. CONCLUSIONS: Neonicotinoids can control E. fabae in small vines, even in rapidly expanding foliage where this pest causes greatest injury. Soil application provides superior long‐term vine protection because declining residues on foliar‐treated vines lead to suboptimal activity within 2–3 weeks. Vineyard managers of susceptible cultivars may take advantage of this approach to E. fabae management by using foliar applications of the three neonicotinoids tested here, or by using soil‐applied thiamethoxam. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry