基于L-系统的虚拟植物生长模型设计

现代农业发展需要植物生长模拟技术的支持,而迅速发展起来的虚拟植物模拟也成为研究作物生长领域的一个热点。为此,研究了L-系统方法用于描述虚拟植物生长的表达机制。基于植物形态的分形特征,采用L-系统方法,在虚拟植物生长方面,结合计算机图形学技术的有力支持,对植物生长过程进行了模拟研究。     

The impact of increasing farm size and mechanization on rural income and rice production in Zhejiang province,China

Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural–urban income gap. Development of the non-agricultural sectors offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces such as Zhejiang. Increased income in the urban sector creates markets for new products, and migrating farmers rent their land to those staying. Until now, the prevailing rice-based systems have been managed mainly using manual labour and animal traction, but the larger farms resulting from migration may facilitate, or even require mechanization. In this study, we use a simulation model of the farm household to analyse the effects of increasing farm size and the transition from rice to vegetable production, while also studying the effects of mechanization.     

机器视觉技术在精细农业中的研究进展

精细农业以节约投入、增加产出、提高投入物利用率、减少环境污染为目的.快速、准确地采集各种农田信息,有效地监测农业对象是实施精细农业的重要基础.机器视觉技术由于其非破坏性、精度高、成本效率高、信息量大、灵活等特点,在精细农业中得到了广泛的应用.为此,通过对大量参考文献进行分析,发现机器视觉在精细农业中的主要研究方向集中在农业机械自动导航、作物生长信息检测、变量控制等方面.同时,对机器视觉技术在上述领域中的研究情况进行分析和总结,并讨论了未来机器视觉技术在精细农业中应用存在的问题以及发展前景.     

New approach for olive trees irrigation scheduling using trunk diameter sensors

Trunk diameter fluctuations (TDFs) have been suggested as an irrigation-scheduling tool for several fruit trees, but the works in olive trees has not obtained successful results with any of the indicators (maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) and trunk growth rate (TGR)) that are calculated from the daily TDF curves. No studies of olive trees have ever used reference trees to reduce the influence of the environment, as in work for other fruit trees. In this work, we compare different continuous and discrete water status measurements in a drought cycle. We suggest the calculation of a new and related indicator (DTGR), the difference between the TGR of stressed trees, and the TGR of reference trees. Negative DTGR values always indicate water stress conditions. The current work describes the variations of this new indicator (DTGR) in relation to water stress, and compares DTRG to the midday stem water potential, maximum leaf conductance and to the MDS. The midday stem water potential and the maximum leaf conductance describe the stress cycle clearer than the trunk diameter fluctuation indicators. No significant differences were found in the values of MDS between stressed and reference trees. On the other hand, the DTGR pattern values were near that of the stem water potential, though positive values were recorded in some dates during the water stress cycle. These variations indicate that DTGR is not a cumulative water stress indicators, as is water potential. Therefore, according to our data, water potential is a better indicator than the TDF parameters when no deficit irrigation scheduling is performed in olive trees. DTGR seems to be a good indicator of water stress from a threshold value around −1.4 MPa in olive trees. In addition, higher variability of DTGR than stem water potential may also be reduced with the increase in the number of sensors.     

磁化水灌溉促进水稻生长发育提高产量和品质

为明确磁化水灌溉对水稻生长发育、产量形成和品质的影响及其机理,该研究以杂交籼稻中浙优1号和杂交粳稻甬优9号为试验品种,于2012-2013年进行了磁化水(F型变频磁化水处理器的磁场强度为0.2 T)和普通水(CK)灌溉大田试验。结果表明,与CK相比,磁化水灌溉显著增加水稻的有效穗(增幅4.0%~7.9%)、结实率(3.9%~8.7%)和产量(增幅5.2%~9.3%)。2013年,磁化水灌溉提高了水稻的低位分蘖发生率(增幅9.4%~21.5%),增加了孕穗期、灌浆期倒三叶的SPAD值(增幅2.4%~7.8%)和干物质积累量(增幅8.7%~18.8%);磁化水灌溉显著改善稻米品质,中浙优1号和甬优9号的的垩白粒率分别降低了13.3%和12.0%,垩白度分别降低了11.4%和7.7%,胶稠度分别提高了6.0和4.0 mm,碱消值提高了4.3%和4.8%。该结果为磁化水在水稻生产上的大面积应用提供了科学依据。     

不同浓度钠对甜菜生长及生理特性的影响

采用1/2 Hoagland 营养液室内培养试验,研究不同浓度Na+ 对甜菜幼苗生理生化指标和营养元素吸收的影响。结果表明,0.759 mmol/L Na+可提高甜菜幼苗体内Na+ 含量和幼苗高度,增加叶面积（除了9 mmol/L Na+）和干物质量,降低叶片水势,提高叶片的相对含水量、 GPX和CAT的活性,促进甜菜幼苗叶片的吸水及保水能力。3 mmol/L Na+对甜菜幼苗的生长促进作用最明显,可提高CAT、 GPX活性并维持较高的SOD活性,降低MDA含量和相对电导率,未明显降低甜菜体内N、 P和K含量,是甜菜幼苗生长的最佳Na+浓度。     

适宜机播深度及覆土厚度提高苦荞幼苗素质

为探索西南丘陵山区苦荞机械播种的可行性和提高机械播种质量的农艺措施,该试验研究了播深(2,4,6 cm)和覆土(不覆土为对照)对苦荞幼苗性状的影响。结果表明,播种深度对苦荞幼苗性状影响最大,4 cm播深有利于培育苦荞壮苗,播深2 cm时表现为出苗率差、基本苗和成苗率低,根系活力、茎粗小、干物质量、单株叶面积及叶绿素含量下降,而播深6 cm时地中茎过长导致出苗率下降,株高、干物质量、单株叶面积、茎粗和叶绿素含量均降低;覆土有利于提高苦荞的出苗率和根系活力,干物质量增加,地中茎适度增长,幼苗素质较不覆土高。苦荞幼苗各性状主成分分析表明,各播深处理条件下苦荞幼苗性状差异较大,覆土加剧了各处理间的分异程度。在机械播种后进行苦荞幼苗素质评价时,应选择株高、根系活力、总干物质量、根干物质量、茎粗、单株叶面积、地中茎长度适中和子叶节长度等指标,能够准确地反映苦荞幼苗素质。综合可知,采用4 cm播深和覆土最有利于提高苦荞幼苗的素质。     

利用时序合成孔径雷达数据监测水稻叶面积指数

为了确定全极化雷达数据监测水稻叶面积指数动态变化的精度,该文对水稻叶面积指数与后向散射系数进行了各生长阶段建模比较。采用广东雷州地区多时相多入射角精细全极化Radarsat-2数据,结合水稻全生育期地面样方实测数据,首先分析多入射角归一化后四极化(vertical-horizontal polarization,VH;vertical-vertical polarization,VV;horizontal-horizontal polarization,HH;horizontal-vertical polarization,HV)、比值极化HH/VV后向散射系数与水稻叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)随时间变化特征以及在营养生长阶段、生殖生长阶段和全生育期的相关关系,提取相关系数高于0.8的极化与生长阶段进行水云模型建模,最终生成多期水稻LAI反演分布图,并验证该数据反演水稻各生长阶段LAI的精度,探索SAR数据追踪区域尺度水稻长势的可行性。结果表明,在地形较为平坦的水稻集中连片种植区,VV、HH/VV后向散射系数与LAI在营养生长期、全生育期极显著相关(P0.01),相关系数均高于0.83。营养生长阶段VV、HH/VV水云模型拟合决定系数分别为0.77、0.87,全生育期VV、HH/VV水云模型拟合决定系数分别为0.73、0.8,营养生长阶段模型优于全生育期模型。精细四极化SAR数据监测区域尺度水稻LAI动态变化具有应用潜力,优选的极化模型为进一步的水稻长势监测提供依据。     

不同氮磷钾配比追肥对幼龄骏枣生长及其产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,连续两年对1~3年树龄的幼龄骏枣开展研究,探讨氮磷钾肥对不同树龄骏枣幼树的生长和结果的影响。结果表明:(1)适量的氮磷钾施肥水平可以促进幼龄骏枣的生长,提高枣果产量和品质,但施用过量将会产生肥害;(2)与本试验土壤肥力相似的土壤中,氮磷钾的适宜配比为3.7∶3.6∶1,即1年生幼龄骏枣的适宜施肥量为N 55 g/株、P2O554 g/株、K2O 15 g/株;2年树龄骏枣N 110 g/株、P2O5108 g/株、K2O 30g/株;3年树龄骏枣N 220 g/株、P2O5216 g/株、K2O 60 g/株。     

快长、耐低温大黄鱼新品种东海1号的选育

大黄鱼东海1号是以2000年采捕自浙江岱衢洋的野生大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)为基础群体,采用群体选育技术,以生长速度和耐低温为选育指标,经过十余年、连续5代选育而获得的水产新品种。在相同养殖条件下,该品种19月龄时体长生长速度比当地商品苗快6.06%,体重生长速度快15.57%;10月龄鱼在6℃条件下,存活率比当地商品苗高22.5%。2010~2012年,繁育的东海1号大黄鱼中试规模累计达7万m3水体,取得了较好的社会和经济效益。本文介绍了东海1号选育过程、品种特征及优良性状和中试情况,并初步分析了该品种优良性状的分子(理论)基础,为该品种的推广养殖以及其他水产新品种的培育提供信息和借鉴资料。