湖北省几种土壤的重金属镉、铜形态

研究了湖北省棕红壤、黄棕壤和和黄褐土中重金属镉、铜的形态差异，分析了重金属负荷水平对土壤重金属形态的影响，结果表明：未污染土壤中重金属镉、铜主要为氧化铁结合态和残渣态，占土壤重金属全量的75％以上；交换态镉含量与土壤pH呈负相关，从未污染土、污染土到镉质土，随土壤Cd负荷提高，土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的比例增大，有效地提高，残渣态、氧化铁结合态镉的比例降低，土壤中铜有相似的变化趋势。     

苹果浑汁贮藏期间沉淀物的研究

采用HPLC和SDS-PAGE以及GC等技术分析了贮藏120 d后的果汁沉淀物的成分,沉淀物中酚类物质和蛋白质的性质。结果表明:果汁沉淀物以蛋白质为主,还含有碳水化合物、酚类(表儿茶素、绿原酸、单宁等)、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)等Vc降解产物,成分很复杂。沉淀物主要是由果汁中原有的颗粒聚集长大下沉产生。     

植物油脂超临界CO2萃取脱酸的研究

利用超临界CO2萃取对毛油进行精炼,是一项新的油脂精炼方法。对利用超临界流体萃取技术精制植物油脂进行了探索性研究。结果表明:在一定温度梯度下,提高萃取过程压力,可以获得更高收率的馏分油;超临界流体萃取可以有效脱除植物油脂中的游离脂肪酸和过氧化产物;外观上看超临界流体萃取具有较高的脱色能力。超临界CO2萃取作为一种新兴“绿色分离技术”,与传统的分离技术相比有着明显的优势,在油脂加工中将具有广阔的应用前景。     

砂土磷素动态及磷肥效应研究

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应的研究结果表明,砂土磷的活度在0.64～1.39之间,土壤磷素活性高低的顺序为轻砂潮土>细砂潮土>粗砂潮土。砂土磷素形态以无机磷为主,有机磷甚少,仅占全磷含量的8.84%,无机磷占91.15%。无机磷形态组成以磷酸钙为主,Ca-P 平均为无机磷总量的86.1%,O-P 占9.6%,Al-P 占3%,Fe-P 占1.3%,各种形态无机磷与速效磷的关系为:y(速效磷)=49.30x_1(Al-P)+21.854 7x_4(Ca-P)-3.420 9。Al-P 和 Ca-P 对砂土速效磷的贡献具有一定的意义。磷酸铁铝和磷酸钙盐均可以作为砂土磷素的给源。砂土全磷和有效磷的消长决定于磷素收支平衡。施入土壤中磷的形态转化主要受土壤本身性质的制约。磷肥的作用主要在作物生育前期,而在中、后期则更多地吸收利用土壤中的磷素。磷肥肥效随土壤供磷水平和速效磷含量的增高而降低,粗、细砂潮土中磷肥对小麦的肥效分别比轻砂潮土高41.1%和17.7%。     

Addition of Leucaena-KX2 mulch in a shaded coffee agroforestry system increases both stable and labile soil C fractions

Agroforestry systems have the potential to increase sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) as soil organic carbon (SOC) because of the increased rates of organic matter addition and retention. However, few studies have characterized the relative stability of sequestered SOC in soil. We characterized SOC storage in aggregate size and chemical stability classes to estimate the relative stability of SOC pools after the addition of Leucaena-KX2 pruning residues (mulch) from 2006 to 2008 in a shaded coffee agroforestry system in Hawaii. Soil samples were separated by microaggregate isolation, density flotation and dispersion, and acid hydrolysis, resulting in five distinct fractions that differed in relative stability: coarse particulate organic matter (POM), fine POM, microaggregate-protected POM, silt + clay hydrolyzable soil organic matter (SOM), and silt + clay non-hydrolyzable SOM. With mulch addition, the fine POM fraction increased. There was also a shift in the proportion of SOC to more stable silt + clay fractions. In the absence of mulch there was no significant change in SOC fractions. Given that the turnover time of SOC in silt + clay fractions is on the order of decades to centuries, the potential benefits of active shade management and mulching compensate for the loss of C sequestration in tree biomass from pollarding.     

土壤磷素形态及其生物有效性研究进展

土壤磷素形态及其生物有效性的研究对解决农业生产中所引起的经济、环境和资源问题有很重要的作用。结合国内外已有成果和最新研究进展,从土壤的形态、磷的分组以及测定方法,土壤各形态磷的生物有效性等几个方面综述了国内外土壤磷的研究现状,并提出了目前在土壤磷研究中存在的一些问题以及今后研究的热点。     

陕北不同土地利用类型下土壤无机磷形态分布及有效性研究

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级方法,对黄土高原两种农田土壤剖面(0～100 cm)中无机磷形态分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:两种农田土壤剖面(0～100 cm)中无机磷形态占全磷的90.95%;无机磷又以Ca-P为主,所占比例在87.86%～92.55%之间;糜子地土壤剖面中无机磷总量、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和...     

花岗岩地区坡耕地径流泥沙观测试验研究

本文总结分析了三年来对花岗岩地区坡耕地径流泥沙的观测试验资料, 得出以下结论: 1.荒坡地的泥沙流失量大于作物地; 2.作物地覆盖度低于30%以下则比荒坡地的泥沙流失量要大; 3.大于25°的坡耕地, 头两年产量虽然较好, 但第3年以后产量大幅度下降, 并造成大量的泥沙流失, 故种多年生植物为佳。 同时通过试验研究表明: 在花岗岩地区, 泥沙流失量多数来源于坡耕地。 因此搞好坡耕地的综合治理, 是防治水土流失提高单位面积产量的关键措施。     

Runoff and sediment losses from rough and smooth soil surfaces in a laboratory experiment

Soil surface roughness may significantly impact runoff and erosion under rainfall. A common perception is that runoff and erosion are decreased as a function of roughness because of surface ponding and increased hydraulic roughness that reduces effective flow shear stress. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of initial surface roughness on runoff and erosion under controlled laboratory conditions. Initially, rough and smooth surfaces were exposed to five simulated rainfall applications at 5% and 20% slopes. In all cases, runoff was delayed for the case of the initially rough surface; however, this effect was temporary. Overall, no statistical differences in either total runoff or erosion were measured on the 20% slope. At 5% slope, runoff was less on the rough surface for the first rainfall application but greater on the final three, probably due to the formation of a depositional seal in that case. This resulted in an overall insignificant difference in runoff for the sum of the five rainfall applications. Erosion was greater on the rougher slope at 5% steepness, probably due to concentration of flow as it moved around the roughness elements on the rougher slope. These results indicate that commonly held perceptions of the impact of soil surface roughness on runoff and erosion may not be entirely correct in all cases.     

Effect of potassium phosphate fertilization on production and emission of methane and its C-stable isotope composition in rice microcosms

Rice fields are an important source for atmospheric CH₄, but the effects of fertilization are not well known. We studied the turnover of CH₄ in rice soil microcosms without and with addition of potassium phosphate. Height and tiller number of rice plants were higher in the fertilized than in the unfertilized microcosms. Emission rates of CH₄ were also higher, but porewater concentrations of CH₄ were lower. The δ¹³C values of the emitted CH₄ and of the CH₄ in the porewater were both 2-6% higher in the fertilized microcosms than in the control. Potassium phosphate did not affect rate and isotopic signature of CH₄ production in anoxic soil slurries. On the other hand, roots retrieved from fertilized microcosms at the end of incubation exhibited slightly higher CH₄ production rates and slightly higher CH₄-δ¹³C values compared to roots from unfertilized plants. Addition of potassium phosphate to excised rice roots generally inhibited CH₄ production and resulted in increasingly lower δ¹³C values of the produced CH₄. Fractionation of ¹³C during plant ventilation (i.e. δ¹³C in pore water CH₄ versus CH₄ emitted) was larger in the fertilized microcosms than in the control. Besides plant ventilation, this difference may also have been caused by CH₄ oxidation in the rhizosphere. However, calculation from the isotopic data showed that less than 27% of the produced CH₄ was oxidized. Collectively, our results indicate that potassium phosphate fertilization stimulated CH₄ emission by enhancing root methanogenesis, plant ventilation and/or CH₄ oxidation, resulting in residence times of CH₄ in the porewater in the order of hours.