贵州草海颗粒物和沉积物有机碳氮同位素特征及来源研究

颗粒物和沉积物作为湖泊污染物的重要载体,其同位素可以有效示踪污染物来源。本研究选取贵州草海作为研究对象,于2023年3月采集湖泊及入湖河流的悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物,进行了有机碳同位素（δ13C）、有机氮同位素（δ15N）、C/N及总有机碳（POC、TOC）和总氮（PON、TON）的测定,结合MixSIAR同位素模型分析了湖泊有机碳氮来源及贡献率。结果表明：草海悬浮颗粒物的δ13C变化范围为-27.56‰～-23.64‰,其中湖区＞入湖河流,δ15N的变化范围为3.12‰～10.93‰,其中湖区＜入湖河流,颗粒物有机碳主要来源于大气沉降（21.1%）和水生植物（20.7%）,氮来源主要为土壤有机质（25.6%）和水生植物（25.3%）;表层沉积物的δ13C介于-28.18‰～-20.53‰,其中湖区＞入湖河流,δ15N介于1.70‰～6.58‰,其中湖区＜入湖河流,沉积物有机碳主要来源于大气沉降（34.4%）和水生植物（33%）,氮主要来源于化肥（24%）;其中入湖河流对两者有机碳氮来源影响较小;颗粒物与沉积物亦没有显著相关性,两者之间有机氮来源的差异反映出土壤有机质和水生植物来源的有机氮易降解,而化肥来源的氮则易沉积。本研究揭示了草海颗粒物和沉积物有机碳氮来源,为草海保护治理提供了科学依据。     

不同植被类型对降雨径流和泥沙的影响

植被对控制水土流失、调节气候、减缓径流、削减洪峰有特别重要的作用。本文通过对乔木型、乔灌混交型、灌木型不同植被降水径流及泥沙观测,分析了不同植被类型对降水径流及泥沙的影响,为水土流失治理采用生物措施提供科学依据。     

福建闽东诸小河泥沙及其变化分析

根据50年实测水文资料,分析了闽东诸小河泥沙年内年际变化和来水、产沙的因果关系及造成水土流失的主要原因。掌握该地区泥沙变化规律,对流域水土资源开发、利用和保护有着重要意义。     

泥鳅扰动对水田沉积物颗粒垂直分布的影响(英文)

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of breeding Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in paddy field in vertical distribution of sediment particles. [Method] Using chemically stable glass beads as tracers, the effects of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus bioturbation on the vertical distribution of sediment particles in paddy field were investigated, and the bioturbation role of benthic fish in the coupling process of benthic-pelagic interface was discussed. [Result] After ten days of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus bioturbation, 43.2% of the glass beads on the surface were transferred downwardly with the maximum distance of 7.5 cm, and the vertical transportation rate of sediment particles was 7.676×10-4g-1·cm-2·d-1. At a depth of 6 cm, 39.7% and 9.9% of the glass beads were respectively transferred upwards and downwards, to the maximum distanc of 4.5 cm and 5.1 cm, respectively; and the vertical transportation rates of sediment particles were 7.597×10-4g-1·cm-2·d-1 and 1.894×10-4g-1·cm-2·d-1, respectively. [Conclusion] Misgurnus anguillicaudatus bioturbation could promote the circulation and transformation of nutrients at water/soil interface through affecting the vertical distribution of sediment particles.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of land degradation and fluvial erosion in the middle and upper Yangtze River Basin,China

Land degradation in the middle and upper Yangtze has caused loss of cultivable land, sediment deposition in reservoirs and changes in the runoff: sediment yield relationships of major tributaries. The Jialin River and the Dukou-Pingshan sector of the Jingsha River together contribute over 75 per cent of all the sediment carried by the Yangtze at Yichang. As the Jialin catchment has the highest rates of erosion per unit area, high sediment discharges from that river exert a major influence on peak summer sediment discharges on the Yangtze. Even though land degradation is increasing in severity, there is no clear overall pattern or trend in variations in sediment yield since 1950. Some tributaries are affected by major reservoir construction and soil conservation works, others are not.     

锦州市小凌河底泥中重金属元素污染调查研究

锦州市工业废水和生活污水大部分通过管网排入小凌河。通过对该河易污染区河底泥实地调查采样,采用原子吸收光谱法对底泥中的铜、铅、镉、铬、镍、锌进行测定分析,评价小凌河底泥重金属的环境状况。结果显示,重金属污染大小程度:锌>铬>镍>铜>铅>镉,该区域河底泥为中度污染,污染等级为Ⅲ级。     

土壤和沉积物中重金属形态分析

介绍了一种土壤和沉积物中重金属形态分析方法,将重金属的形态分为水溶态、弱酸态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态,用水提取水溶态,0.11 mol/L的醋酸提取弱酸态,0.5 mol/L的盐酸羟胺提取可还原态,过氧化氢和1.0 mol/L的醋酸铵提取可氧化态,盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸提取残渣态.方法适用于Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Co、Mn、Mo、As、Sb、Ni等 11种重金属元素的形态分析研究,检出限在0.001 ～ 1 μg/g 之间,方法的精密度＜11%(RSD).     

Sediments in urban river basins: a review of sediment–contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities

Background, aim and scope  Over 50% of the global population live in urban centres and, therefore, an understanding of the processes acting upon urban systems is a global issue. The nature of human-made, often impervious, land surfaces and heavily engineered waterways results in hydrological and sedimentological systems in urbanised basins which contrast significantly to those within more natural (i.e. pristine, forested, agricultural) aquatic systems. In addition, the abundance of contamination sources in urban systems results in chemical pressures often manifested as high pollution concentrations or loadings, which in turn have detrimental impacts on human and ecosystem health. These lead to management and sustainability issues not generally encountered in more natural environments. The purpose of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art assessment of sediment sources, pathways and storage within urban river systems, to consider sediment management within urban systems and river basins, and examine the role of local and global environmental changes on sediment processes and management. Inevitably, much of the sediment that is transported within urbanised basins is contaminated, so this review also considers sediment–contaminant sources and interactions. Conclusions and recommendations  We reach a number of conclusions and recommendations for future research. There is a need for better sampling and monitoring of sediment and sediment-associated contaminant fluxes and cycling in urban river channels and basins. This should include better techniques and studies to identify sources and transfers of road-deposited sediment (RDS), airborne particulate matter and sediments in the river system. Greater interdisciplinary research, combining sedimentologists, hydrologists, urban planners, urban archaeologists, chemists and biologists, is needed. More attention needs to focus on upscaling and connecting urban areas to the rest of the river basin, both upstream and downstream. Finally, there is a need to balance multiple needs (urban population, water resources) with likely trends in both urban development and global environmental change.     

Sediment budget for subalpine watersheds,Lake Tahoe,California, USA

Pinpointing erosional ‘hot spots’ or sediment source areas within a watershed can be difficult because of the highly non-linear and episodic nature of effective runoff and sediment transport. Continuous monitoring of stream networks can provide insight into sediment source areas not possible from routine sampling by capturing episodic events and integrating entire storm events. This paper presents the results of a three-year study of spring snowmelt runoff in watersheds of Lake Tahoe, California, USA, using a network of nine nephelometric turbidometers. We estimate that montane badlands, comprising 1.2% of the Ward Creek watershed (25 km²), contributed 10–39% of snowmelt-derived suspended sediment load. The badlands are comprised of poorly-vegetated and deeply-incised gullies formed in parent material of Miocene volcanic mudflow breccia. The larger (29.5 km²) Blackwood Creek watershed also showed high relative erosion rates from volcanic terrain. Tributaries draining forested granitic and metasedimentary headwater regions had minimal sediment loads. Monitoring networks indicated that temporary main channel storage regulated release of fine sediment eroded from steep headwater slopes. This lag between erosion and delivery may lead to underestimation of gully erosion contribution to sediment budgets.     

红壤表土团聚体稳定性对坡面侵蚀的影响

通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了第四纪红粘土、泥质页岩和花岗岩三种母质发育的红壤团聚体稳定性对土壤坡面侵蚀和侵蚀泥沙特性的影响.结果表明：坡面土壤侵蚀量和径流强度与土壤团聚体稳定性存在显著负相关关系,且不同团聚体稳定性指标与二者相关程度存在差异,其中湿筛团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和》0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（WSA0.25）与侵蚀量和径流强度相关程度最高,快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体标准化平均重量直径（NMWD）与二者的相关性也达到了显著;泥沙粒径与湿筛MWD和WSA0.25之间相关关系（偏相关分析）呈显著正相关（r=0.8283^＊,r=0.8209^＊）;快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体的NMWD与泥沙粒径也存在较好正相关关系（r=0.7458,r=0.6859）.泥沙粒径和水流功率在本研究中未表现出较好相关性（r=-0.1852）.