Lipids and fatty acids in wild and pond-reared mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål) during ovarian maturation and spawning

Wild‐caught and pond‐reared female mud crab Scylla serrata at different stages of ovarian maturation were collected from Samar and Capiz, Philippines. Crabs were categorized into five stages according to the external morphological and microscopic appearance of the most advanced oocytes. The ovaries, hepatopancreas, muscle and newly spawned eggs (NSE) were analysed for lipid class components and fatty acids. Total lipid was higher in pond‐reared than in wild‐caught crabs but increased with ovarian maturation in both groups. Ovarian lipid peaked at the fully mature stage, coinciding with a decline in hepatopancreatic and muscle lipids. Lipid levels declined significantly in spent females. The tissues contained elevated highly unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic (20:4n‐6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n‐3) acids, but at higher levels in late maturing and fully mature ovaries and in NSE. The type of lipid class and fatty acid components in mature ovaries as well as in NSE are generally considered to be indicative of their importance in reproductive physiology and embryonic and larval development.     

Status of Biological Studies and Aquaculture Development of the Mud Crab, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla serrata</Emphasis>, in China: An Experimental Ecological Studies

This is an initial paper in a series of overviews of biological research and aquaculture development of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, in China. Results of experimental ecological studies on mud crabs are reported here. As a result of these experimental studies, results that are important for mud crab culture were also discovered and these include, methods to condition and manage broodstock, determination of ecological conditions that are suitable for embryonic development, and the influence of temperature, salinity, diet and larval density on development and survival of larvae. Results of this work will be useful in establishing a good method for artificial mass culture of larvae.     

锯缘青蟹亲蟹选择及培育技术

亲蟹质量及亲蟹培育是锯缘青蟹人工育苗的基础。本文就亲蟹的选择、亲蟹暂养期的环境、亲蟹的饵料及饲养条件进行了探讨。在相同的理化因子条件下,海捕亲蟹的抱卵率(62.13％)大约为养殖亲蟹抱卵率(26.67％)的2.31倍。     

Development of nursery culture techniques for the mud crab Scylla paramamosain (Estampador)

Cannibalism is one of the main causes of mortality in the culture of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, particularly in the early post‐larval and juvenile stages when the densities of hatchery‐reared crabs may be very high before stocking into ponds or release into the wild for stock enhancement. In a series of experiments investigating cannibalism mitigation, the influence of stocking density, the effectiveness of sand substrate, brick and shell shelters and feed type were compared in culture of crabs from instar 1 for short nursery periods of 15–30 days. Inclusion of brick and shell shelters significantly increased survival over sand substrate alone. However, inclusion of shelters did not affect growth rates. In scaled‐up nursery production in lined‐ponds, with shelters, live Artemia biomass and fresh chopped shrimp or tilapia were found to be equally effective feeds for juvenile crabs stocked at a density of 70 m⁻² from instar 1 and grown for 30 days [52–66% survival, 21.6–24.6 mm carapace width (CW)]. In an extended nursery period for a further 30 days, crabs of 22 mm CW, stocked at 30 m⁻² in the same ponds, attained a final size of 34.5–36.2 mm CW with a survival of 64.3–67.0% using the same feeds.     

锯缘青蟹人工苗的中间培育技术研究报告

1999-2000年在温岭市的两家育苗生产单位进行工作了锯缘青蟹人工苗中间培育的研究。两年间共投入中间培育的大眼幼体864.2万只，培育出可供养殖放养的商品稚蟹（C3-C7）575万只，成活率达到66.54%，达到生产性育苗技术要求。     

Stocking density and artificial habitat influence stock structure and yield from intensive nursery systems for mud crabs Scylla serrata (Forsskål 1775)

Intensive nursery systems are designed to culture mud crab postlarvae through a critical phase in preparation for stocking into growout systems. This study investigated the influence of stocking density and provision of artificial habitat on the yield of a cage culture system. For each of three batches of postlarvae, survival, growth and claw loss were assessed after each of three nursery phases ending at crab instars C1/C2, C4/C5 and C7/C8. Survival through the first phase was highly variable among batches with a maximum survival of 80% from megalops to a mean crab instar of 1.5. Stocking density between 625 and 2300 m⁻² did not influence survival or growth in this first phase. Stocking densities tested in phases 2 and 3 were 62.5, 125 and 250 m⁻². At the end of phases 2 and 3, there were five instar stages present, representing a more than 20‐fold size disparity within the populations. Survival became increasingly density‐sensitive following the first phase, with higher densities resulting in significantly lower survival (phase 2: 63% vs. 79%; phase 3: 57% vs. 64%). The addition of artificial habitat in the form of pleated netting significantly improved survival at all densities. The mean instar attained by the end of phase 2 was significantly larger at a lower stocking density and without artificial habitat. No significant effect of density or habitat on harvest size was detected in phase 3. The highest incidence of claw loss was 36% but was reduced by lowering stocking densities and addition of habitat. For intensive commercial production, yield can be significantly increased by addition of a simple net structure but rapidly decreases the longer crablets remain in the nursery.     

长柄石杉中石杉碱甲的含量测定

[目的]建立HPLC法测定长柄石杉中石杉碱甲的含量。[方法]色谱条件:色谱柱为ZORBAX Extend-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,4.5μm),流动相为乙腈-浓度0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(8∶92,V/V),检测波长为310 nm,柱温为25℃,流速为1 ml/min,进样量为10μl。[结果]石杉碱甲在0.046～0.460μg/ml浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(R=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.45%,RSD为2.70%,平均含量为0.025%。[结论]该方法简单、易行,可用于长柄石杉中石杉碱甲的含量测定。     

青蟹对蛋白质和脂肪的需求

在室内养殖水槽进行59 d的饲养试验以确定青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)适宜的蛋白质和脂肪需求。采用4×2的双因素的试验方法,设计4种蛋白水平(34%、38%、42%和46%)和2种脂肪水平(6%和10%)。试验锯缘青蟹初始均重为(44.5±5.1)g,每组3个重复,每个重复放养15只青蟹。结果显示,在相同脂肪水平下,饲喂42%和46%蛋白组青蟹终末体重相对高于34%和38%饲料组;在相同蛋白质水平下,饲喂6%和10%脂肪组青蟹的终末体重不存在显著差异(P>0.05);青蟹的形态学参数和生化组成不受饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平的影响。研究结果显示,青蟹饲料中最适的蛋白质和脂肪需求分别为42%~46%和6%~10%。     

应用高通量测序技术分析拟穴青蟹肠道及其养殖环境菌群结构

采用基于Illumina Hi Seq测序平台的高通量测序技术,对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)肠道及其养殖池塘水体、底泥中细菌种类及丰度进行了研究。测序结果显示,3个样品共获得有效序列234575条,可聚类于2812个分类操作单元(OTUs),归属于拟穴青蟹肠道、养殖水体、池塘底泥样品的操作分类单元(OTU)个数分别为453、706和2547,其中有184个OTU均能在3个样品中检测到,在青蟹肠道和养殖水体、青蟹肠道和池塘底泥中分别检测到197和309个共有OTU。物种注释结果显示,拟穴青蟹肠道中优势细菌种类为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(39.96%)、柔膜菌门(Tenericutes)(23.09%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(16.58%);养殖水体中优势细菌种类为变形菌门(63.02%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)(24.96%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(8.41%);池塘底泥中优势细菌种类为变形菌门(75.23%)、拟杆菌门(5.72%)和放线菌门(3.83%)。此外,对各样品中丰度最高的前10位OTU分析显示,不同样品中占优势地位的10种细菌在数据库(SILVA)缺乏相关已知序列,并且各样品中的优势细菌种类完全不同。实验结果表明拟穴青蟹肠道与其池塘养殖环境中菌群结构存在着密切的相关性,但肠道菌群同时具有一定的独立性,其优势细菌种类与养殖环境中优势细菌种类无关。本研究旨在为拟穴青蟹健康养殖和微生态调控提供实验依据。