A Framework for Valuing Ecological Services of Irrigation Water – A Case of an Irrigation-Wetland System in Sri Lanka

In many countries, irrigation water is usedfor several purposes other than irrigatingfield crops. In Sri Lanka, irrigationwater from canals, wells, and reservoirs isused for domestic purposes, industry,livestock, and fisheries, and it alsocontributes to sustain the environment. However, policy makers and water managersin irrigation systems only take intoaccount water used for irrigating the fieldcrops and sometimes water used for domesticpurposes. Owing to the failure torecognize the different uses and users ofwater, the water in irrigation systems hasbeen undervalued. This paper presents theenvironmental impact of irrigation and aframework for valuing water for itsmultiple and often competing uses,especially focusing on water uses forecological services, in this case wetlands.The south coastal area of Sri Lanka wasselected as a site for a case study, including2,610 ha of irrigated area and adownstream wetland area of 2,250 ha whichhas five lagoons. This wetland areacombines coastal, marine and freshwaterecosystems in a tropical environment inwhich distinct plant and animal speciescoexist in a delicate balance. All users ofwater and other resources, and theirenvironmental problems were identified. Thispaper discusses the policy and managementimplications of valuing water for competinguses.     

农田生态系统中氮循环模型研究进展

农田生态系统中的氮循环是影响农业生产力的主要因素之一,同时也会对环境产生影响。在农田生态系统氮循环的研究中模型已成为重要的工具而受到人们关注。在介绍国际上发表的模型基础上,阐述了目前一些比较成功的模型的研究进展,并指出了今后模型发展的趋势。     

基于土地利用结构的河流岸带生态系统服务簇识别

河流岸带生态系统服务功能的有效发挥是河流生态系统稳定且健康的重要保障之一。为识别河流岸带土地利用与生态服务价值的空间结构,本文从河流岸带保护角度选取水资源保护、净化环境、水文调节、土壤保持、维持养分循环、生物多样性六项生态服务功能,基于遥感影像解译的土地利用数据,运用修正的当量因子法估算得到生态服务价值的空间分布规律,进而进行层次聚类分析识别河流岸带生态服务簇,并应用于太湖流域湖西区溧阳市县级河流——竹箦河作为实例研究。结果表明：（1）竹箦河河流岸带六项生态服务价值呈现出显著的空间异质性和聚集性。（2）竹箦河河流岸带可划分为五大类生态服务簇,分别为水源涵养型、绿色多元型、经济生态型、生态脆弱型以及耗水污染型。（3）各类服务簇的生态系统服务特点与空间布局分异明显,与岸带实际土地利用结构相协调,揭示了竹箦河河流岸带生态服务功能普遍较薄弱的现状。本文的研究结果可为竹箦河及类似平原地区骨干河流岸带功能区划分以及河流岸带生态保护与修复方案的制定提供理论参考。     

稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中水稻纹枯病的发生规律与分析

通过田间试验,对稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中水稻纹枯病的发生规律进行了研究并建立了相应的数学模型。结果表明:稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中纹枯病发病高峰期的病株率为16.07%,比对照的病株率76.37%低60.30%,控制效果达79%。对照区、稻-鱼区和稻-鸭-鱼区三者的感染系数分别为σ=212.106 1、σ=23.945 8和σ=8.352 0。     

Towards the sustainable intensification of agriculture—a systems approach to policy formulation

The sustainable intensification of agriculture involves providing sufficient food and other ecosystem services without going beyond the limits of the earth’s system. Here a project management approach is suggested to help guide agricultural policy to deliver these objectives. The first step is to agree measurable outcomes, integrating formal policy goals with the often much less formal and much more diverse goals of individual farmers. The second step is to assess current performance. Ideally, this will involve the use of farm-scale metrics that can feed into process models that address social and environmental domains as well as production issues that can be benchmarked and upscaled to landscape and country. Some policy goals can be delivered by supporting ad hoc interventions, while others require the redesign of the farming system. A pipeline of research, knowledge and capacity building is needed to ensure the continuous increase in farm performance. System models can help prioritise policy interventions. Formal optimization of land use is only appropriate if the policy goals are clear, and the constraints understood. In practice, the best approach may depend on the scale of action that is required, and on the amount of resource and infrastructure available to generate, implement and manage policy.     

Exploring tree diversity and stand structure of savanna woodlands in southeastern Sudan

Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m² for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm² and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities.     

中国稻田生态系统服务净价值评估

使用当量因子法和数量模型核算了2007—2016年中国稻田生态系统服务净价值。结果显示:1)2016年中国稻田生态系统提供服务价值为1.344×10~(12)元,服务成本为0.144×10~(12)元,服务净价值为1.2×10~(12)元,平均生态服务净价值为3 977元/hm~2;2)2007—2016年,中国稻田生态系统服务净价值总体呈上升趋势,中东部地区稻田生态系统服务净价值较高,西北地区较低;3)稻田受化肥和农药污染较严重的省份为安徽。研究结论为制定精准的生态补偿机制提供了可靠的参考数据。各省应响应"农业节肥节药"政策,参照稻田生态成本比例有针对性地进行农村污染治理和生态环境保护工作。     

京津冀潮白河区域土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响

为探讨京津冀潮白河区域不同时期内的土地利用变化和生态系统服务（ES）的动态演变情况,采用土地利用动态度模型、当量因子法、敏感性指数法,分析该区域2001、2005、2009、2013年和2017年近20年来的土地利用数据。结果表明：在2001-2017年期间该区域耕地和农村居民点面积明显减少,城镇用地和水域面积明显增加;该区域的主要土地利用类型为耕地、农村居民点和城镇用地,且耕地和农村居民点的比例逐渐减少,城镇用地比例逐渐增大;城镇用地、工矿用地和水域的动态度呈现大幅增加趋势,农村居民点、耕地、草地和林地的动态度呈现较大幅的减少趋势。近20年来该区域的生态系统服务价值（ESV）整体上呈现增加的趋势,水域的生态系统服务价值增加对该流域生态系统服务价值变化起决定性作用。2001-2017年该区域内各地类的敏感性指数（CS）均小于1,敏感性指数从大到小依次为耕地 > 水域 > 林地 > 草地。综上,应根据该区域内土地利用变化对生态系统服务产生的影响,制定合理化政策、构建合理的土地利用格局,从而提升生态系统服务。     

升金湖湿地生态系统健康评价与越冬候鸟的响应

湿地生态环境及越冬水禽是升金湖自然保护区主要保护对象,其生态系统健康评价对生态系统修复及越冬水禽数量的恢复具有重要意义。利用ERDAS软件将1986、1990、1995、2000、2004、2008、2011及2015年共计8个年份冬季的TM影像数据解译划分为8种景观类型,用FRAGSTATS软件计算出各个年份的景观指标。根据升金湖湿地压力、状态、响应3方面选取10个指标,构建了升金湖湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,利用逻辑斯蒂增长曲线模式(Logisticgrowthmodel)对这些单项指标进行评价,然后运用层次分析(AHP)的方法确定各个单项因子在指标体系中的权重,最后对1986到2015年升金湖湿地生态系统运用综合评价模型进行综合的评价分析。2015年升金湖生态系统健康综合评价值为0.430,属于亚健康的状态,应及时加强升金湖湿地生态保护措施。通过1995年与2015年对比得知人口密度增长10%以上,人类干扰指数增长了6.685,人类的干扰压力是导致湿地功能下降的主要因素;从状态分析与响应分析可以看出升金湖湿地修复功能处于不稳定的状态。通过越冬候鸟数量与湿地生态系统健康的关系可以看出越冬侯鸟数量的变化是随着湿地的生态系统健康评价状况变化而变化。     

香格里拉普达措国家公园扩建研究

为提升香格里拉普达措国家公园的整体性和有效保护,对迪庆州范围内具有重要生态价值的区域,从国家代表性、生态系统重要性和管理可行性3个方面进行系统评估。适宜性分析结果认为,拟扩建区域山地植被垂直带谱典型完整,足以支撑地带性生物区系,区内多样的地貌构造以及珍贵、罕见的地质地貌景观和遗迹,具有十分重要的世界意义和保护价值,动植物区系较完整,能维持种群生存繁衍、生态功能稳定和生态系统健康,生态原真性十分突出。扩建后国家公园面积1030919.93 hm²,涉及香格里拉市的11个乡镇。综合评价认为,拟扩建区域资源具有国家代表性,生态系统突出,并具备管理可行性,全面符合建设国家公园的条件。提出将白马雪山、哈巴雪山、千湖山、红山、梅里雪山和碧罗雪山等6片区纳入普拉措国家公园扩建范围,并对扩建后国家公园更名、建立管理体制、运行机制等方面提出建议。